TRANSCRIPTION, Courtesy of MindNet Archives, Mike Coyle

posted at http://www.morethanconquerors.simplenet.com/MCF/



Frey, Allan H., Human Auditory system response to modulated

electromagnetic energy. J. Appl. Physiol. 17(4): 689-692.  1962.



(*) Asterisks indicate unreadable characters in the original copy.



NOTE:  In 1962, frequencies were expressed as kiloCYCLES, 

megaCYCLES, etc., with abbreviations being kc, mc



--The intent of this paper is to bring a new phenomena to the

attention of physiologists.  Using extremely low average power

densities of electromagnetic energy, the perception of sounds was

induced in normal and deaf humans.  The effect was induced several

hundred feet from the antenna the instant the transmitter was turned

on, and is a function of carrier frequency and modulation. Attempts

were made to match the sounds induced by electromagnetic energy and

acoustic energy.  



The closest match occurred when the acoustic amplifier was driven by

the rf transmitter's modulator. Peak power density is a critical

factor and, with acoustic noise of approximately 80 db, a peak power

density of approximately 275 mw / rf is needed to induce the

perception at carrier frequencies 125 mc and 1,310 mc.  The average

power density can be at rf as low as 400 _u_w/cm2.  The evidence for

the various positive sites of the electromagnetic energy sensor are

discussed and locations peripheral to the cochlea are ruled out.



Received for publication 29 September 1961.



A significant amount of research has been conducted with the effects

of radio-frequency (rf) energy on organisms (electro- magnetic energy

between 1 kc and ** Gc). Typically, this work has been concerned with

determining damage resulting from body temperature increase.  The

average power densities used have been on the order of 0.1-t w/cm2

used over many minutes to several hours.



In contrast, using average power densities measured in microwatts per

square centimeter, we have found that ****r effects which are

transient, can be induced with rf energy.  Further, these effects

occur the instant the transmitter is turned on.  With appropriate

modulation, the perception of different sounds can be induced in

physically deaf, as well as normal, in human subjects at a distance

of inches up to thousands of feet from the transmitter.  With

somewhat different transmission parameters, you can induce the

perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent

vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea.  Changing transmitter

parameters down, one can induce a "pins-and-needles" sensation.



Experimental work with these phenomena may yield information on

auditory system functioning and, more generally, in the nervous

system function.  For example, this energy could possibly be used as

a tool to explore nervous system coding, possibly using Neider and

Neff's procedures (1), and for stimulating the nervous system without

the damage caused by electrodes.



Since most of our data have been obtained of the "rf sound" and only

the visual system has previously been shown to respond to

electromagnetic energy, this paper will be concerned only with the

auditory effects data.  As a further restriction, only data from

human subjects will be reported, since only this data can be

discussed meaningfully at the present time.  The long series of

studies we performed to ascertain that we were dealing with a

biological significant phenomena (rather than broadcasts from sources

such as loose fillings in the teeth) are summarized in another paper

(2), which also reports on the measuring instruments used in this

work.



The intent of this paper is to bring this new phenomenon to the

attention of physiologists.  The data reported are intended to

suggest numerous lines of experimentation and indicate necessary

experimental controls.



Since we are dealing with a significant phenomenon, we decided to

explore the effects of a wide range of transmitter parameters to

build up the body of knowledge which would allow us to generate

hypotheses and determine what experimental controls would be

necessary.  Thus, the numbers given are conservative; they should not

be considered precise, since the transmitters were never located in

ideal laboratory environments.  Within the limits of our

measurements, the orientation of the subject in the rf field was of

little consequence.



Most of the transmitters used to date in the experimentation have

been pulse modulated with no information placed on the signal.  The

rf sound has been described as being a buzz, clicking, hiss, or

knocking, depending on several transmitter parameters, i.e., pulse

width and pulse-repetition rate (PRF).  The apparent source of these

sounds is localized by the subjects as being within, or immediately

behind the head.  The sound always seems to come from within or

immediately behind the head no matter how the subjects twists or

rotates in the rf field.



Our early experimentation, preformed using transmitters with very

short square pulses and high pulse-repetition rates, seemed to

indicate that we were dealing with harmonics of the PRF.  However,

our later work has indicated that this is not the case; rather, the

rf sound appears to be incidental modulation envelope on each pulse,

as shown in Fig 1.



Some difficulty was experienced when the subjects tried to match the

rf sound to ordinary audio.  They reported that it was not possible

to satisfactorily match the rf sound to a sine wave or to white

noise.  An audio amplifier was connected to a variable bypass filter

and pulsed by the transmitter pulsing mechanism.  The subjects, when

allowed to control the filter, reported a fairly satisfactory match.

The subjects were fairly well satisfied with all frequencies below

5-kc audio were eliminated and the high- frequency audio was extended

as much as possible.  There was, however, always a demand for more

high-frequency components.  Since our tweeter has a rather good

high-frequency response, it is possible that we have shown an

analogue of visual phenomenon in which people see farther into the

ultraviolet range when the lenses is eliminated from the eye.  In

other words, this may be a demonstration that the mechanical

transmission system of the ossicles cannot respond to as high a

frequency as the rest of the auditory system.  Since the rf bypasses

the ossicle system and the audio given the subject for matching does

not, this may explain the dissatisfaction of our subjects in the

matching.



FIG. 1. Oscilloscope representation of transmitter output over             

        time (pulse-modulated).                                            

                                                                           

                 TRANSMITTER ELECTRONIC NOISE                              

                       |--(INCIDENTAL MODULATION)                          

                       |                                                   

                      \/                                                   

                   :.:.:.:             :.:.:.:                             

                   |     |             |     |                             

                   |     |             |     |                             

                   |     |             |     |                             

                 ---     ---------------     -----------                   

                  ON     OFF          ON     OFF                           

                                                                           

                                                                           

FIG. 2. Audiogram of deaf subject (otosclerosis) who had a "normal"        

        rf sound threshold.                                                

                                                                           

          -10|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

            0|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| A = RIGHT BONE       

             |    |    A    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

             |----|----B----A--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| B = LEFT BONE        

             |    |    |  B |  A  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

  LOSS(db) 20|----|----|----B--B--AB-B--B--B--AB-|--| C = LEFT AIR         

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  A  |  |  |  |                      

             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| D = RIGHT AIR        

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  C                      

           40|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--C--|                      

             |    |    C C  C  |  |  |  |  |  C  |  |                      

             |----C----|----D--|--C--C--C--|--D--D--D                      

             |    |    D    |  D  |  |  D  |  |  |  |                      

           60|----D----|----|--|--D--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

           80|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      

          100|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      

                 125  250  500   1000  2000  4000  8000                    

                        FREQUENCY (cps)                                    

                                                                           

                                                                           

TABLE 1. Transmitter parameters                                            

                                                                           

Trans-   Frequency,    Wave-     Pulse Width,  Pulses Sec.   Duty Cy.      

mitter      mc       length, cm    _u_sec                                  

                                                                           

  A       1,310        22.9           6           244         .0015        

  B       2,982        10.4           1           400         .0004        

  C         425        70.6         125            27         .0038        

  D         425        70.6         250            27         .007         

  E         425        70.6         500            27         .014         

  F         425        70.6        1000            27         .028         

  G         425        70.6        2000            27         .056         

  H       8,900         3.4           2.5         400         .001         

                                                                           

                                                                           

FIG. 3. Attenuation of ambient sound with Flent antinoise stopples         

        (collated from Zwislocki (3) and Von Gierke (4).                   

                                                                           

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| A = FLENTS           

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      

           10|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| B = THEORETICAL LIMIT

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||     OF ATTENUATION BY

FUNCTION(db) |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||     EAR PROTECTORS   

             A    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      

             |----A---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      

             B    |   A  A  A | A AAA   A|   |  | |||                      

             |----B---B--|--|-A-|-|||----A---|--|-|||                      

             |    |   |  |  B | | |||    | A |  | |||                      

           30|----|---|--|--|-|-|-B||----|---A--|-A||                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  A |A|                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||B---|---|--|-||A                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||  B |   |  | |||                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||B                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    B   |  | B||                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|-B|-|||                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    | B |  | |||                      

           50|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      

             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      

             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      

            100                    1000           10000                    

                        FREQUENCY                                          

                                                                           

                                                                           

TABLE 2. Theshold for perception of rf sound (ambient noise level 70-      

         90 db).                                                           

                                                              Peak         

                                 Avg        Peak     Peak    Magnetic      

                                Power      Power   Electric   Field        

Trans-   Frequency,  Duty Cy.  Density,   Density   Field      amp.        

mitter      mc                 mw, cm2    mw, cm2   v cm     turns, m      

                                                                           

  A       1,310      .0015      0.4         267      14         4          

  B       2,982      .0004      2.1       5,250      63        17          

  C         425      .0038      1.0         263      15         4          

  D         425      .007       1.9         271      14         4          

  E         425      .014       3.2         229      13         3          

  F         425      .028       7.1         254      14         4          

                                                                           

                                                                           

FIG. 4. Threshold energy as a function of frequency of electromagnetic     

        energy (ambient noise level 70-90 db).                             

                                                                           

        10000|---------|-------------|--------------|                      

             |---------|-------------|--------------|                      

  PEAK       |---------|-------------|--------------|                      

  POWER      |---------|-------------|-------------*|                      

  DENSITY    |---------|-------------|------------*-|                      

  (mw/cm2)   |         |             |          *   |                      

             |---------|-------------|---------*----|                      

             |         |             |       *      |                      

             |---------|-------------|------*-------|                      

             |         |             |    *         |                      

             |         |             |   *          |                      

             |         |             | *            |                      

         1000|---------|-------------*--------------|                      

             |---------|-----------*-|--------------|                      

             |---------|---------*---|--------------|                      

             |         |       *     |              |                      

             |---------|-----*-------|--------------|                      

             | * * * * * * *         |              |                      

             |---------|-------------|--------------|                      

             |         |             |              |                      

             |         |             |              |                      

             |         |             |              |                      

          100|---------|-------------|--------------|                      

            200       1000          2000           3000                    

                        FREQUENCY (mc)                                     

                                                                           

                                                                           

FIG. 5. Microwave power distribution in a forehead model neglecting        

        resonance effects and considering only first reflections           

        (from Nieset et al. (5), modified).                                

                                                                           

             |    REFLECTED                    ABSORBED                    

          1.5|--- FREQUENCIES                  FREQUENCIES                 

             |                   * *                                       

             |                  *    *         * = 10% OF INCIDENT         

 CENTIMETERS |Cortical         *                       POWER               

             |Tissue                    *                                  

             |                *                @ = 20% OF INCIDENT         

          1.0|---                         *            POWER               

             |                *                                            

             |                *              *                             

             |Bone                                                         

             |               *                 *                           

             |                                                             

          0.5|---           *      @  @   @       *                        

             |Muscle     *    @               @                            

             |Fat          @                     @    *                    

             |Skin       @                          @ @                    

            0|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---          

             0          100        1000        10000       100000          

                        FREQUENCY (mc)                                     

                                                                           

                                                                           

FIG. 6. Area most sensitive to electromagnetic energy (shaded portion).    

                                                                           

                            *   *  * * * *                                 

                        *                    *                             

                      *                        *                           

                     * *       ::::::           *                          

                      *  *   :::::::::          *                          

                     *  O  *  ::::::::          *                          

                   *              * *           *                          

                     *               *          *                          

                     *               *         *                           

                      ***         **          *                            

                     *        *             *                              

                       *  * * *             *                              

                              *              *                             

                              *               *                            

                               * * * * * * * * *                           

                                                                           



At one time in our experimentation with deaf subjects there seemed to

be a clear relationship between the ability to hear audio above 5 kc

and the ability to hear rf sounds.  If a subject could hear above 5

kc, either by bone or air conduction, then he could hear the rf

sounds.  For example, the threshold of the subject whose audio gram

appears in Fig. 2 was the same average power density as our normal

subjects.  Recently, however, we have found people with a notch

around 5 kc who do not perceive the rf sounds generated by at least

one of our transmitters.



THRESHOLDS 



As shown in Table 1, we have used a fairly wide range of transmitter

parameters.  We are currently experimenting with transmitters that

radiate energy at frequencies below 425 mc, and are using different

types of modulation, e.g., pulse-repetition rates as low as 3 and

4/sec.



In the experimentation reported in this section, the ordinary noise

level was 70-90 db (measured with a General Radio Co. model 1551-B

sound level meter.)  In order to minimize the rf energy used in the

experimentation, subjects wore Flent antinoise ear stoppers whenever

measurements were made.  The ordinary noise attenuation of the Flents

is indicated in Fig. 3.  Although the rf sounds can be heard without

the use of Flents, eventhough they have an ambient noise evel of 90

db, it appears that the ambient noise to some extent "masked" the rf

sound.



Table 2 gives the thresholds for the perception of the sounds.  It

shows fairly clearly that the critical factor in the perception of

the rf sound is the peak power density, rather than the average power

density.  The relatively high value for transmitter B was expected

and will be discussed below.  Transmitter G has been omitted from the

table since the 20-mw/cm2 reading for it can be considered only

approximate.  The field-strength-measuring instruments used in that

experiment did not read high enough to give an accurate reading.  The

energy from transmitter H was not perceived, even when the peak power

density was as high as 25 w/cm2.



When the threshold energy is plotted as a function of the rf energy

(Fig. 4), a curve is obtained which is suggestive of the curve of

penetration of rf energy into the head.  Figure 5 shows the

calculated penetration, by frequency of rf energy, into the head. Our

data indicate that the calculated penetration curve may well be

accurate at the higher frequencies but the penetration at the lower

frequencies may be greater than that calculated on this model.



As previously noted, the thresholds were obtained in a high ambient

noise environment.  This is an unusual situation as compared to

obtaining thresholds of regular audio sound.  One recent

experimentation leads us to believe that, if the ambient noise level

were not so high, these threshold fields strengths would be much

lower. Since one purpose of this paper is to suggest experiments, it

might be appropriate to theories as to what the rf sound threshold

might be if we assumed that the subject is in an anechoic chamber.

It is also assumed that there is no transducer noise.



Given: As a threshold for the rf sound, a peak power density of 275

mw/cm2 determined in an ambient noise environment of 80 db. Earplugs

attenuate the ambient noise 30 db.



If: 1 mw/cm2 is set equal to o db, then 275 mw/cm2 is equal to 24 db.



Then: We can reduce the rf energy 50 db to -26 db as we reduce the

noise level energy from 50 db to o db.  We found that -26 db rf

energy is approximately 3 _u_w/cm2.



Thus:  If an anechoic room, rf sound could theoretically be induced

by a peak power density of 3 _u_w/cm2 measured in free space.  Since

only 10% of this energy is likely to penetrate the skull, the human

auditory system and a table radio may be one order of magnitude apart

in sensitivity to rf energy.



Up to Contents



RF DETECTOR IN AUDITORY SYSTEM 



One possibility that seems to have been ruled out in our

experimentation is that of a capacitor-type effect with the tympanic

membrane and oval window acting as plates of a capacitor. It would

seem possible that these membranes, acting as plates of a capacitor,

could be set in motion by rf energy.  There are, however, three

points of evidence against this possibility.  First, when one rotates

a capacitor in an rf field, a rather marked change occurs in the

capacitor as a function of its orientation in the field.  When our

subjects rotate or change the positions of their heads in the field,

the loudness of the rf sound does not change appreciably.  Second,

the distance between these membranes is rather small, compared with

the wavelengths used.  As a third point, we found that one of our

subjects who has otosclerosis heard the rf sound.



Another possible location for the detecting mechanism is in the

cochlea.  We have explored this possibility with nerve-deaf people,

but the results are inconclusive due to factors such as tinnitus. We

are currently exploring this possibility with animal preparations.



The third likely place for the detection mechanism is the brain. Burr

and Mauro (6) presented evidence that indicates that there is an

electrostatic field about neurons.  Morrow and Sepiel (7) presented

evidence that indicates the existence of a magnetic field about

neurons.  Becker (personal communication) has done some work

indicating that there is longitudinal flow of charged carriers in

neurons.  Thus, it is reasonable to suspect that possibly the

electromagnetic field could interact with neuron fields.  As yet,

evidence of this possibility is inconclusive.  The strongest point

against it is that we have not found visual effects although we have

searched for them.  On the other hand, we have obtained other

nonauditory effects and have found that the sensitive area for

detecting rf sounds is a region over the temporal lobe of the brain.

One can shield, with a 2-in.2 piece of fly screen, a portion of the

stippled area shown in Fig. 6 and completely cut off the rf sound.



Another possibility should also be considered.  There is no good

reason to assume that there is only one detector site.  On the

contrary, the work of Jones et al. (8), in which they placed

electrodes in the ear and electrically stimulated the subject, is

sufficiently relevant to suggest the possibility of more than one

detector site. Also, several sensations have been elicited with

properly modulated electromagnetic energy.  It is doubtful that all

of these can be attributed to one detector.



As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this paper is to focus the

attention of physiologists on an unusual area and stimulate

additional work on which interpretations can be based.

Interpretations have been deliberately omitted from this paper since

additional data are needed before a clear picture can emerge. It is

hoped that the additional exploration will also result in an increase

in our knowledge of nervous system functions.



REFERENCES:



Neider, P.C. and W.D. Neff. Science 133: 1010, 1961. 



Frey, A.H.  Aero Space Med. 32: 1140, 1961.



Zwislocki, J. Noise Control 4:42, 1958.



Von Gierke, H. Noise Control 2:37, 1956.



Nifset, R., Pinneo R. Baus J. Fleming, & R. McAfee.  Ann. Rept. USAF

Rome Air Development Command, TR-61-65, 1961. 



Burr, H., & J.  Seipel, J. Wash Acad. Sci. 21: 455, 1949.



Morrow, R., & J.  Seipel. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 30: 1, 1969.



Jones, R.C., S.S.  Stevens, & M.H. Laurie. J. Acoust. Sci. Am. 12:

281, 1940.



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM3 - NASA ARTICLE



TITLE: Effects of low power microwaves on the local cerebral blood flow of

conscious rats



Original web link, folded for readability

http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ntrs/hget.cgi?recon?2044/3=/raid5/index/

     star/80%2517043725%202044%20N19810004209recon1



..........................................................

Eleanor White's inserted note:



See the ITALIC text below.  This abstract has implications

FAR beyond "rats"

..........................................................



Document ID:   19810004209  N (81N12720) File Series: NASA Technical Reports

Report Number: AD-A090426

Sales Agency & Price: CASI Hardcopy or Microfiche



Authors:

Oscar, K. J. (Army Mobility Equipment Command)



Published: Jun 01, 1980



Corporate Source:

Army Mobility Equipment Command (Fort Belvoir, VA, United States)

Pages: 10

Contract Number: None



NASA Subject Category: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)



Abstract:



A decoy and deception concept presently being considered is to

remotely create the perception of noise in the heads of personnel by

exposing them to low power, pulsed microwaves. When people are

illuminated with properly modulated low power microwaves the

sensation is reported as a buzzing, clicking, or hissing which seems

to originate (regardless of the person's position in the field)

within or just behind the head. The phenomena occurs at average power

densities as low as microwatts per square centimeter with carrier

frequencies from 0.4 to 3.0 GHz. By proper choice of pulse

characteristics, intelligible speech may be created. Before this

technique may be extended and used for military applications, an

understanding of the basic principles must be developed. Such an

understanding is not only required to optimize the use of the concept

for camouflage, decoy and deception operations but is required to

properly assess safety factors of such microwave exposure.



Major Subject Terms:



AUDITORY PERCEPTION 

BRAIN CIRCULATION

DECEPTION

MICROWAVES

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

RADIATION EFFECTS



Minor Subject Terms:



BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

HEMODYNAMICS

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

RADIATION DOSAGE

SOUND LOCALIZATION



Language Note: English



NASA Access Help Desk



E-mail:  help@sti.nasa.gov

Phone:   301-621-0390  

FAX: 301-621-0134



Eleanor White's comments:  I have received this report in it's

entirety and I find that the article itself is about the title:

Cerebral blood flow in rats.  We involuntary experimentees are 

extremely lucky that the authors mentioned the success of microwave 

voice to skull transmission in this official document.



Below I have extracted some of the references to the full document 

which appear to be more promising and specific.  This sub-list is

guesswork since the references omit article titles, but any articles

by Frey or Justesen are potentially useful.



1.  Frey, A.H., Messenger, R. and Eichert, E.,

    National Technical Information Service,

    Doc. No. AD747684 (1972)



5.  Justesen, D.R., IEEE Spectrum 16, 67-68 (1979)



7.  Frey, A.H., Feld, S.R., & Frey, B. Annals of

    N.Y. Academy of Science, 247, 433-439 (1975)



18. Frey, A.H., & Messenger, R., Science  181,

    356-358 (1973)



25. Frey, A.H., & Feld, S.R., Journal of Comp.

    Physiology and Psychology,  89, 183-188

    (1975)



27. King, N.W., Justesen, D.R., & Clarke, R.L.,

    Science  172, 398-401 (1977)



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM4 - SEA/KOHN'S PROJECTS



Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect


Web address:

http://es.epa.gov/ncerqa_abstracts/sbir/other/monana/kohn.html

Awarding Agency:  Department of Defense
SBIR Contract Number: F41624-95-C-9007
Title: Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect
Principal Investigator: Mr. Brian Kohn


Company Name:
Science & Engineering Assoc, Inc.
6100 Uptown Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Telephone Number: 505-884-2300
Business Representative:
Project Period:
Project Amount: $739,995
Research Category: Monitoring/Analytical


Description:


An innovative and revolutionary technology is described that offers a

means of low-probability-of-intercept Radio frequency (RF)

communications.  The feasibility of the concept has been

established using both a low intensity laboratory system and a

high power RF transmitter.  Numerous military applications exist in

areas of search and rescue, security and special operations.


Supplemental Keywords: small business, SBIR,
See also: http://www.seabase.com

Last Updated:  November 17, 1997


BRIAN KOHN'S PROJECT, EARLIER STUDY:



Program: SBIR

Agency: AF  Field

Office: AL

TOPIC Number: AF93-026

Control Number: 93AL -185

Contract Number: F41624-93-C-9013

Phase: 1

Awarded In: 93

Award Amount: $37,806

Award Start Date: 17 MAY 93

Award Completion Date: 17 DEC 93

Proposal Title: Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect

Principal Investigator Name:Brian Kohn

Principal Investigator Phone:505-884-2300

Firm SCIENCE & ENGINEERING ASSOC., INC.

SEA Plaza 

6100 Uptown Blvd NE

SUITE 700

Albuquerque, NM 87110

Woman Owned:  N

Minority Owned:  N

Number of Employees:  95



Keywords:

MICROWAVE HEARING RF HEARING

BONE CONDUCTION THERMOELASTIC

COCHLEAR MICROPHONICS



Abstract:  



In this research program, we plan to investigate a revolutionary new

form of communication based on the microwave auditory effect. This

proposed communication idea satisfies the requirements for an

innovative, natural interface requiring no learning or training for

efficient operation and effective communications. The purpose of the

program proposed here is to extend the results of a recent

feasibility study, performed for the Armstrong Laboratory/OEDR. The

study found that voice communications, via the microwave auditory

effect, are highly feasible. In Phase I of this SBIR, we propose to

investigate the range of potential applications for this radically

different form of voice communication and recommend hardware and

systems concepts suitable for laboratory and brassboard

demonstrations to be built under Phase II.



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM5 - BIOLOGICAL AMPLIFICATION



Electromagnetic Interaction With Biological Systems

edited by Dr. James C. Lin, University of Illinois

1989 Plenum Press, New York



Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Interactions of 

Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Systems, held as part

of the Twenty-Second General Assembly of the International 

Union of Radio Science, Aug 25 - Sept 2, 1987, in Tel Aviv,

Israel.



ISBN 0-306-43109-2

QP82.2.N64E44 1989

612.01448-dc19 88-38957

CIP



Eleanor White's comments on this posting:



This book focusses on NON-ionizing radiation, and contains 

detailed texts about NON-THERMAL effects.  In other words, 

"right up our alley".



The main use of this book is to show that it is easy for

electromagnetic signals to cause radio frequency hearing and other

effects at LOW power levels.  This in turn can be used to explain why

DETECTION is so very difficult.



I don't understand the biological jargon, however, a few of the more

plain-language paragraphs STUNNINGLY verify that with careful choice

of signal frequency and modulation, not only can the body's cells

detect the modulation envelope of an incoming radio signal (i.e.

function as a "cellular crystal set") but even AMPLIFY these

carefully formed signals.  (Amplification of other effects, such as

proneness to disease, is also covered in the book.)



"Detection", in terms of radio signal reception, means that some

portion of the reciever "rectifies", that is, turns the AC of the 

incoming signal into varying DC.  If this conversion is not done, 

voice to skull wouldn't work.



The book touches also on ways in which cells communicate, and 

shows that electromagnetic fields of relatively weak power levels 

can affect intercellular communication, which is, as I understand 

the subject, what the brain is "all about".



Bio-amplification is apparently why radio signals of very low average

power ("MICROwatts" per NASA) can still produce audio effects,

and no doubt plays a part in difficulties in detection.



When two more characteristics of voice to skull are factored in:



1. The carrier signal can be "hopped" continuously within the 

   bioeffective bandwidth, known as "spread spectrum" transmission, 

   and,



2. The voice modulation most effective for undetectable hypnosis 

   is evidently a voice shifted just above normal hearing, but still 

   audible to the brain,



...you have a recipe for incredibly difficult signals to detect.



This book is a mainstream publication, very well suited to use 

in our publicity and persuasion campaigns, and our dealings with 

authorities who claim radio signals don't affect living tissue 

except to heat it.



Finally, many thanks to Blanche Chavoustie for providing me

photocopies of this book - a saintly work!

.............................................................

Page 110:

...

At that time [1953] excitatory mechanisms in nerver fibers

and nerve cells were grouped under a common rubric of ionic

equilibrium mechanisms.  There was little interest in the

possibility that functional organization of mebranes of cell

bodies might involve threshhold sensitivities to both

oscillating EM fields and to molecular stimuli at energy

levels substantially lower than predicted by Hodgkin-

Huxley models, and substantially below typical threshholds

in nerve fibers.



Much recent research cited below has shown that imposed weak

low frequency fields (and radiofrequency fields amplitude-

modulated at ELF frequencies) that are many orders of 

magnitude weaker in the pericellular fluid [fluid between

adjacent cells] than the membrane potential gradient [voltage

across the membrane] can modulate actions of hormone, anti-

body neurotransmitter and cancer-promoter molecules at their

cell surface receptor sites.



From their electrical characteristics, these sensitivities

appear to involve nonequilibrium and highly cooperative

processes that mediate a major amplification of initial

weak triggers associated with binding of these molecules at

their specific cell surface receptor sites.



(Adey, 1983, 1986, 1987; Adey and Lawrence, 1984; Lawrence

and Adey, 1982).



Page 122:



Cooperative Modification of Calcium Binding by RF Fields

at Cell Surfaces with Amplification of Initial Signals



Initial stimuli associated with weak perpindicular EM fields

and with binding of stimulating molecules at their membrane

receptor sites elicit a HIGHLY COOPERATIVE modification of

Ca++ binding to glycoproteins along the membrane surface.



As noted above, a longitudinal spread is consistent with 

the direction of extracellular current flow associated with

physiological activity and imposed EM fields.  This cooper-

ative modification of surface Ca++ binding is an

AMPLIFYING STAGE, with evidence from concurent initial molecular 

binding events by imposed RF fields that there is a far greater

increase in Ca++ efflux than is accounted for in the events of

receptor-ligand binding (Bawin and Adey, 1976; Bawin et al, 

1975; Liu-Liu and Adey, 1982).



Page 124:

...

Enzymes are protein molecules that function as catalysts, 

initiating and enhancing chemical reactions that would not

otherwise occur at tissue temperatures.  This ability resides

in the pattern of electrical charges on the molecular surface.

In the fashion of more familiar chemical catalysts, such as

the hydrocarbon oxidation systems which function only at very

high temperatures in automotive exhaust systems, a catalyst

emerges unchanged from these reactions and is thus able to

participate indefinitely in a specific reaction.



Activation of these enzymes and the reactions in which they

participate involve energies millions of times greater than

in the cell surface cell surface triggering events initiated

by the EM fields, emphasizing the MEMBRANE AMPLIFICATION

inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence.



Page 131:

...

Stimulus Amplification in Cooperative Systems

...

It is therefore clear that OBSERVED EM field interactions

with cells and tissues based on oscillating ELF tissue gradients

between 10 E-7 and 10 E-1 volts per centimeter would involve

cooperativity MANY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER than envisaged in

the examples just cited.



In part this discrepancy appears to relate to far greater

sensitivities to low-frequency EM fields [EW: ELF, that is, the

"entrainment" frequencies] and to RF fields with low-frequency

amplitude-modulation [EW: this includes radar hearing signals]

than to imposed step functions or DC gradients [EW: common

with contact electrodes, not of interest in mind control at a

distance] used in many electrochemical experiments and models

to test levels of cooperativity in biological systems.

(Blank, 1972)



[EW: In plain language, both entrainment (ELF) fields and

pulsating radar-like (RF) fields are a hell of a lot more

influential on cells than some experimental work using DC

and electrode methods.]



Page 95:



[EW: This section is not part of the demonstration that EM

signals can be biologically amplified, as above.  It's main

interest is that a magnetophosphene "gun" was under consider-

ation by the U.S. National Institute of Justice in 1993, along

with a "fever" gun and a "convulsion" gun, both using micro-

wave technology.  As of 1999, nothing has been heard from NIJ

on this development, however, page 95 here suggests that such

a microwave weapon is feasible.]



Magnetophosphenes



An effect of time-varying magnetic fields on humans was first

described by d'Arsonval (1896) [EW: Anyone doubt there has

been some progress since 1896?] is the induction of a flicker-

ing illumination within the visual field field known as

magnetophosphenes.  This phenomenon occurs as an immediate

response to stimulation by either pulsed or sinusoidal magnetic

fields with frequencies less than 100 Hz, and the effect is

completely reversible with no apparent influence on visual

acuity.  The maximum visual sensitivity to sinusoidal magnetic

fields has been found at a frequency of 20 Hz in human subjects

with normal vision.



[EW: Radio signals are a combination of electric and magnetic

fields.  To radiate a 20 Hz signal would require such huge

antennas that it is impractical to do so.  I'd recommend that

if someone has the facilities and skills, I'd try some VHF (or

microwave) pulsing at 20 Hz on an RF carrier at, say, the 2-meter

(144-148 MHz) ham band with a duty cycle, say, of 20% pulse-ON 

time.]



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM6 - VOICE TO SKULL, 1974 SUCCESS



Microwaves and Behavior

Dr. Don R. Justesen

Laboratories of Experimental Neuropsychology

Veterans Administration Hospital

Kansas City, Missouri

as published in

American Psychologist

Journal of the American Psychological Association

Volume 30, March 1975, Number 3



................ Eleanor's comments .........................

This LAYS TO REST ANY DOUBTS THAT VOICE TO SKULL 

TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT EXIST OR IS "IN THE FUTURE"!  

PERIOD!



This article describes in precise terms how Dr. Joseph C.

Sharp and staff transmitted the WORDS for the digits 1 to 10

using a modulated version of an Allan Frey type pulsed

microwave transmitter.  A detailed description of Frey

transmitters can be viewed at:



Appendix PM2



The relevant text is below.

.............................................................

Page 396:



...



The demonstration of sonic transduction of microwave energy

by materials lacking in water LESSENS the likelihood that a

thermohydraulic principle is operating in human perception 

of the energy.  Nonetheless, some form of thermoacoustic

transduction probably underlies perception.  If so, it is 

clear that simple heating is NOT a sufficient basis for the

Frey effect; the requirement for pulsing of radiations 

appears to implicate a thermodynamic principle.



Frey and Messenger (1973) and Guy, Chou, Lin, and Christen-

sen (1975) confirmed that a microwave pulse with a slow rise

time is INeffective in producing an auditory response; only

if the rise time is SHORT, resulting in effect in a square

wave with respect to the leading edge of the envelope of

radiated radio-frequency energy, does the auditory response

occur.



[Eleanor's comment:  This is why we don't "hear" ordinary 

radio and TV signals.]



Thus the rate of change (the first derivative) of the 

waveform of the pulse is a CRITICAL factor in perception.

Given a thermodynamic interpretation, it would follow that

information can be encoded in the energy and "communicated"

to the "listener".



Communication has in fact been demonstrated.  A. Guy (Note

1), a skilled telegrapher, arranged for his father, a retired

railroad telegrapher, to operate a key, each closure and 

opening of which resulted in a pulse of microwave energy.

By directing the radiations at his own head, complex mess-

ages via the Continental Morse Code were readily received

by Guy.



Sharp and Grove (note 2) found that appropriate modu-

lation of microwave energy can result in "wireless" and

"receiverless" communication of SPEECH.  The recorded by

voice on tape each of the single-syllable words for digits

between 1 and 10.  The electrical sine-wave analogs of each

word were then processed so that each time a sine wave

crossed ZERO REFERENCE IN THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION, a brief

pulse of microwave energy was triggered.



[Eleanor's comment:  This is, in effect a form of what is 

called pulse-RATE modulation.]



By radiating themselves with these "voice modulated" 

microwaves, Sharp and Grove were READILY able to hear,

identify, and distinguish among the 9 words.  [Typo?]

The sounds heard were not unlike those emitted by persons

with artificial larynxes.



Communication of more complex words and of sentences was

not attempted because the averaged densities of energy

required to transmit longer messages would approach the

current 10 milliwatts per square centimeter limit of safe

exposure.



The capability of communicating directly with a human being

by "receiverless radio" has obvious potentialities both 

within and without the clinic.  But the hotly debated and

unresolved question of how much microwave radiation a human

being can safely be exposed to will probably forestall

applications within the near future.



...



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM7 - U.S. GOVT DOCUMENT RE: RUSSIAN MIND CONTROL



A Warning to the World from Russian Psychotronic Researchers



Unclassified FOIA document, courtesy Cheryl Welsh, which is a bulletin

circulated among U.S. government agencies reviewing an October 6, 1995 

Russian TV news segment titled "Man and Law" on the topic of mind 

control technology.  The images below complement another video produced 

by German ZDF TV and shown on December 22, 1998.  The 1998 video's

transcribed sound track, in English is posted at:



http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm



Here are the images of the FOIA document:


















Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX PM8 - OAK RIDGE LABS AND OTHER BULLETINS



THE FOLLOWING SET OF ARTICLES HIGHLIGHTS OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABS'

RESEARCH INTO RADIO FREQUENCY WEAPONS.  I HAVE PHONED THEM AND THE

1993 NEWS RELEASE BELOW IS GENUINE.  E.W.



......................................................................

Date sent:        Fri, 10 May 1996 17:52:55 -0700 (PDT)

To:               MindNet@c2.org

From:             vericomm@c2.org

Subject:          MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 73

 

    V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"



Sender: Owner-MindNet@c2.org



The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the

views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless

otherwise noted.



Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for

non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the

copy remain intact and unedited.



Editor: Mike Coyle 



Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler



Research: Darrell Bross



PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES APPLICABLE TO DEVELOPMENT OF

LESS-THAN-LETHAL WEAPONS



Oak Ridge National Laboratory



Physiological Responses Applicable to Development of

Less-Than-Lethal Weapons



Sponsored by National Institute of Justice



Oak Ridge National Laboratory



Less-than-lethal weapons have a variety of applications in law

enforcement, including rescuing hostages, stopping fleeing

felons, and quelling prison disturbances. The National Institute

of Justice is sponsoring a broad program to develop new

techniques for "friendly force" as an alternative to the use of

deadly force. As part of this program, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory (ORNL) is examining approaches based on known

physiological responses to certain types of stimuli. These

"weapons" would temporarily incapacitate an individual or a

group with no lasting physiological damage. These concepts are

based on ORNL's experience and expertise in biological-based

systems and biophysical responses, particularly in evaluating

the physical responses of humans to a variety of chemical,

physical and radiological agents. ORNL also has extensive

experience and expertise in risk analysis and in risk assessment

and modeling.



The ORNL less than-lethal weapons project sponsored by the

National Institute of Justice began in September 1993. The

following tasks are being performed:



*   Locate and compile data from tests, accidents, medical

    literature, etc. on biological and biophysical responses

    to energetic stimuli (such as electromagnetic fields). 

*   Analyze the information and identify promising candidate

    mechanisms for further development for a friendly force

*   Evaluate the applicability of the proposed approaches to

    several realistic scenarios (such as hostage rescue or riot

    control).



ORNL has already examined several possible concepts for

less-than-lethal weapons based on known physiological responses

to energetic stimuli, including a thermal gun, a seizure gun,

and a magnetophosphene gun. A thermal gun would have the

operational effect of heating the body to 105 to 107F, thereby

incapacitating any threat, based on the fact that even a slight

fever can affect the ability of a person to perform even simple

tasks. This approach is built on four decades of research

relating radio frequency exposure to body heating. A seizure gun

would use electromagnetic energy to induce epileptic-like

seizures in persons within the range of a particular

electromagnetic field. The magnetophosphene gun is designed

around a biophysical mechanism which evokes a visual response

and is thought to be centered in the retina, known as

magnetophosphenes. This effect is experienced when a person

receives a blow to the head and sees "stars". This same effect

can be produced with electromagnetic energy. While there are a

number of technical challenges to be overcome in building

devices of these types, less-than-lethal weapons based on

physiological responses to energetic stimuli would provide a

safe and effective means of dealing with a number of law

enforcement situations where use of deadly force is not

desirable.



For further information contact:



Ray Downs, National Institute of Justice (202) 616-3509 Susan

Sherrow, Oak Ridge Special Projects Office (615) 576-8024



Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy

Laboratory Managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.



................................................................

MindNet Journal Archive Filename: [mn173.txt]

To receive the MindNet Journal via email:



Send message: [subscribe mindnet] to: .



To unsubscribe:



Send message: [unsubscribe mindnet] to: .



Back issues of the MindNet Journal are available at our=20

FTP Archive site:=20



 [/pub/users/vericomm/mindnet/]



MindNet Journal Publication Index: [mnindex.txt]



Submission of articles for publication within the MindNet

Journal on the subjects of mind control, directed-energy

weapons, non-lethal weapons, ritual abuse, UFO abductions,

bioelectromagnetics, hypnosis, and other related topics

will be accepted with the author's statement of permission

to publish. The editor reserves the right to accept or

reject for publication. The publisher disclaims all

responsibility to return unsolicited matter. Send articles

for submission to:



, or VERICOMM BBS 510.891.0303, or VERICOMM,

POB 32314, Oakland, CA 94604-2314 USA.



VERICOMM / MindNet and its agents disclaim any and all

responsibility or liability for any and all claims and/or

guarantees, express or implied, and delivery of products,

merchandise, and/or services offered for sale by

advertisers and/or authors within the MindNet Journal.



The MindNet mailing list is owned and maintained by Mike Coyle,

, VERICOMM / MindNet, POB 32314 Oakland, CA

94604-2314 USA.



The MindNet Journal is published by VERICOMM / MindNet in=20

cooperation with the Freedom Of Thought Foundation, POB 35072,

Tucson, AZ 85740-5072 USA.



......................................................................

Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Section A, November 22, 1976



Mind-Altering Microwaves:  Soviets Studying Invisible Ray



A newly declassified U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report 

says extensive Soviet research into microwaves might lead to

methods of causing disoriented human behavior, nerve disorders,

and even heart attacks.



...



A copy of the study was provided by the agency to the Associated

Press in response to a request under the Freedom of Information

Act.



...



Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating

intercranially (within the head) can be induced by signal

modulation at very low average power densities, the study said.



...



One physiological effect which has been demonstrated is heart

seizure, the report said.



It said this has been accomplished experimentally in frogs

by synchronizing the pulses of a microwave signal with the

animal's heartbeat and beaming the radiation at the chest

area.



......................................................................

Microwave News, January-February 1987



ZAP!



Six hundred scientists and engineers with security clearances

spend the first week of December at Kirtland Air Force Base in

New Mexico examining the potential of high-power microwaves to

zap enemy electronics...



... Many branches of the Department of Defense were represented,

including the Air Force, the Army and the Navy, together with

DARPA, DIA, and DNA.  The Lawrence Livermore Labs were also 

well represented, as were most of the big defense contractors -

General Dynamics, Physics International and TRW each have a 

high-power microwave testing facility.



In addition to these sources, susceptibility and hardening, 

there was one on biological effects:  Dr. David Erwin and 

Major Robert Downs represented the Air Force and Howard Bassen

and Dr. John D'Andrea described the Army and Navy programs,

respectively.  Dr. Frank Barnes of the University of Colorado

in Boulder presented a poster paper on his and Dr. Howard

Wachtel's research on the effects of pulsed microwaves.



Chuck de Caro, a former correspondent for the Cable News Network,

considers the possibility that the U.S. is falling behind the

U.S.S.R. in microwave weapons in "The Zap Gap", to be published

in the March issue of "The Atlantic" (see also MWN November-

December 1986).



......................................................................

Microwave News, January-February 1996



RF WEAPONS - Disabling People and Electronics



The military continues to explore development of RF weapons

for the conflicts of the future.  For instance, the "First

Directed Energy Warfare (DEW) Conference", held last year

at the Mitre Corp. in McLean VA, featured Dr. David Erwin 

of the Armstrong Lab at Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX, on

"Directed Energy Warfare RF Effects", and D.r Jose Pina of

the CIA on "Ground Combat Applications of RF".  Other topics

included "Personnel Vulnerability" and Directed Energy 

Warfare Biological Effects".



The June meeting was organized by the Association of Old

Crows, whose members are specialists in electronic warfare.

Conference participants had to have security clearances of

"Secret" or higher, as has been the case at similar meetings

in the past (See MWN, J-F 87 and N-D 93).



Public discussions of RF/MW weapons have focussed on dis-

rupting technology.  But a recent Article in the Airpower

Journal revealed "for the first time that the military is

developing high-powered microwave weapons for use against

human beings", reports Peter Cassidy in the January 1996

"Progressive" (see p. 14).



RF/MW and EMF-based weapons are also being studied for

civilian law enforcement.  Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) in Oak Ridge TN will soon complete a literature

review for the National Insitute of Justice on the 

feasibility of "thermal guns" which could heat the body to

105 to 107 degrees F and incapacitate the target; "seizure

guns" which would use EM energy to induce epileptic-like

seizures; and "magnetophosphene guns" which would cause

the target to "see stars".



The institute's Ray Downs in Washington cautioned that the

report may not be made public.  ORNL's Dr. Clay Easterly

has said that some effects not associated with heating

could be useful in developing nonlethal weapons.

(See MWN, N-D 93.)



......................................................................

Microwave News, September-October 1996, page 19



Stop That Car or We'll Zap You



They're the sexiest gadgets in this year's action movies:

EMP weapons, which use electromagnetic pulses to zap

electronics.  They have starring roles in Goldeneye, the

latest James Bond movie, as well as in Broken Arrow, Escape

From LA, and Eraser.  And soon they may be coming to a 

police car near you.



Law Enforcement News (September 30) reports that the U.S.

Army and the National Institute of Justice are running a

$500,000 field test to see if EMP guns can force a car to

stop by disabling its electrical systems.  The plan is to

use EMP to do away with high speed chases (another Hollywood

staple).  This is another example of the growing interest in

using nonlethal weapons developed by the military.



...



Up to Contents

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX US1 - SILENT SOUND



Eleanor White's comments:



This article shows clearly the military's intent to use

every possible thought-influencing technology.  This technology 

is largely classified but there are leaks, like this article.  

We involuntary test subjects can tell you from first hand 

experience that far more invasive devices now exist.



This article represents one of the two parallel "tracks" on 

which thought-influencing technology is being used and 

further developed:



- Radio frequency signals, based on the WW II

  phenomenon called "radar hearing"



- Ultrasound signals, which can be transmitted

  through the air or piggybacked on to radio/TV

  signals



......................................................................

NEXUS

Volume 5, Issue 6

October/November 1998

$25/6 issues/ 1 year

1998 Nexus New Times

888-909-7474

nexus@peg.apc.org

--------------------------

EXCERPT: More in magazine. 

--------------------------



Military Use of Mind Control Weapons

Judy Wall 1998



PSY-OPS WEAPONRY USED IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR



For years, rumours have persisted that the United States Department

of Defense has been engaged in research and development of

ultra-sophisticated mind- altering technology. Confirmation of this

came to me recently in the form of two ITV News Bureau Ltd (London)

wire service bulletins.[1]



The March 23, 1991 newsbrief, "High-Tech Psychological Warfare

Arrives in the Middle East", describes a US Psychological

Operations (PsyOps) tactic directed against Iraqi troops in Kuwait

during Operation Desert Storm. The manoeuvre consisted of a system

in which subliminal mind-altering technology was carried on

standard radiofrequency broadcasts. The March 26, 1991 newsbrief

states that among the standard military planning groups in the

centre of US war planning operations at Riyadh was "an unbelievable

and highly classified PsyOps program utilising 'silent sound'

techniques".



The opportunity to use this method occurred when Saddam Hussein's

military command-and-control system was destroyed. The Iraqi troops

were then forced to use commercial FM radio stations to carry

encoded commands, which were broadcast on the 100 MHz frequency.

The US PsyOps team set up its own portable FM transmitter,

utilising the same frequency, in the deserted city of Al Khafji.

This US transmitter overpowered the local Iraqi station. Along with

patriotic and religious music, PsyOps transmitted "vague, confusing

and contradictory military orders and information".



Subliminally, a much more powerful technology was at work: a

sophisticated electronic system to 'speak' directly to the mind of

the listener, to alter and entrain his brainwaves, to manipulate

his brain's electroencephalograph ic (EEG) patterns and

artificially implant negative emotional states-feelings of fear,

anxiety, despair and hopelessness. This subliminal system doesn't

just tell a person to feel an emotion, it makes them feel it; it

implants that emotion in their minds.[2]



I noticed that the ITV wire service was from outside the United

States.  Readers of Resonance may recall that in the

Electromagnetic Weapons Timeline in issue no. 29, reference is made

to the documentary video, Waco: The Big Lie Continues, which

contained video footage of three EM weapons. This segment of the

film was from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). I

wondered if there was any significance to this.



At the library I pulled up back issues of my local newspaper for

the same time-period of the Gulf War to see what the American wire

services had said, if anything, about the use of this special

PsyOps weapon. There was nothing said about it directly, but three

news articles seemed related. In a news release from Associated

Press during the same timeframe of the Gulf War truce, I read:



"The American pilot who shot down the second Iraqi warplane in 48

hours said Friday that continued Iraqi flights suggested that US

warnings were not filtering down to Iraqi pilots… He said he hopes

Saddam gets the message now.  'It's really too bad that these

people have to die for their unwillingness to heed our warnings...

What I really think is, they don't communicate down to the people,'

he said. 'If they have a communications problem, I suggest they fix

it.'"[3]



That may have been coincidence but two earlier news articles, dated

March 1, 1991, apparently have a common origin with the ITV news

bulletin. The first article[4] tells us that approximately 100

members of the US 101st Airborne Division, fluent in Arabic, talked

the enemy into surrendering. These soldiers rode in the Apache

helicopter gunships that were involved in the longest

helicopter-borne assault in history. They told the Iraqi troops

that they would be slaughtered if they didn't give up.



"They got the point," one soldier is quoted as saying.



This all sounds very unremarkable, except when you read the

editor's note: "The following dispatch was subject to US military

censorship." Now why would they want to censor such a mundane

tactic, except out of embarrassment that the US Army fighting

forces had fallen to the level of a cheer-leading squad?

... in which case they would have nixed the thing entirely.



But upon re-reading the article, we may pick out certain key

phrases (emphasised in italics):



"He [the soldier interviewed] was one of dozens of Arabic speakers

that played a key role in the allied ground attack against Iraq,

and part of an attempt by the US Army to use finesse, intelligence

work and tactics to complement brute strength."



If we fill in the missing blanks with such descriptions as "the

megaphone was used to direct psychoacoustic frequencies that

engaged the neural networks of the enemy's brain, causing him to

think any thought and feel any emotion that the Americans chose to

lay on him", then it starts to make sense. And it would no longer

seem so surprising that one soldier could talk 450 enemy soldiers

into surrendering. The possibilities are there, and, as the next

article[5] documents, that is exactly what happened. Iraqi troops

gave up en masse.



We quote: "They were surrendering in droves, almost too fast for us

to keep up with..."; "...two Iraqi majors, both brigade commanders,

who gave up their entire units..."; and "...one of them gave up to

an RPV [remotely piloted vehicle). Here's this guy with his hands

up, turning in a circle to give himself up to a model airplane with

a camera in it."



Irrational? Not if there was also a voice being beamed into his

head from that little flying toy, saying, "Give up, give up!"

Otherwise, how do we account for the editor's note at the beginning

of the article: "The following is based on pool dispatches that

were subject to military censorship." Without that note, we could

smugly think that the Iraqi soldiers were cowards or crazy, but why

censor that idea?



MIND CONTROL WITH SILENT SOUNDS



The mind-altering mechanism is based on a subliminal carrier

technology: the Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), sometimes

called "S-quad" or "Squad". It was developed by Dr Oliver Lowery of

Norcross, Georgia, and is described in US Patent #5,159,703,

"Silent Subliminal Presentation System", dated October 27, 1992.

The abstract for the patent reads:



"A silent communications system in which nonaural carriers, in the

very low or very high audio-frequency range or in the adjacent

ultrasonic frequency spectrum are amplitude- or frequency-modulated

with the desired intelligence and propagated acoustically or

vibrationally, for inducement into the brain, typically through the

use of loudspeakers, earphones, or piezoelectric transducers. The

modulated carriers may be transmitted directly in real time or may

be conveniently recorded and stored on mechanical, magnetic, or

optical media for delayed or repeated transmission to the

listener."



According to literature by Silent Sounds, Inc., it is now possible,

using supercomputers, to analyse human emotional EEG patterns and

replicate them, then store these "emotion signature clusters" on

another computer and, at will, "silently induce and change the

emotional state in a human being".



Silent Sounds, Inc. states that it is interested only in positive

emotions, but the military is not so limited. That this is a US

Department of Defense project is obvious.



Edward Tilton, President of Silent Sounds, Inc., says this about

S-quad in a letter dated December 13, 1996:



"All schematics, however, have been classified by the US Government

and we are not allowed to reveal the exact details... ... we make

tapes and CDs for the German Government, even the former Soviet

Union countries! All with the permission of the US State

Department, of course... The system was used throughout Operation

Desert Storm (Iraq) quite successfully."



The graphic illustration, "Induced Alpha to Theta Biofeedback

Cluster Movement", which accompanies the literature, is labelled

#AB 116-394-95 UNCLASSIFIED" and is an output from "the world's

most versatile and most sensitive electroencephalograph (EEG)

machine". It has a gain capability of 200,000, as compared to other

EEG machines in use which have gain capability of approximately

50,000. It is software-driven by the "fastest of computers" using a

noisenulling technology similar to that used by nuclear submarines

for detecting small objects underwater at extreme range.[6]



The purpose of all this high technology is to plot and display a

moving cluster of periodic brainwave signals. The illustration

shows an EEG display from a single individual, taken of left and

right hemispheres simultaneously.  Ile readout from the two sides

of the brain appear to be quite different, but in fact are the same

(discounting normal leftright brain variations).



CLONING THE EMOTIONS



By using these computer-enhanced EEGs, scientists can identify and

isolate the brain's low-amplitude "emotion signature clusters",

synthesise them and store them on another computer. In other words,

by studying the subtle characteristic brainwave patterns that occur

when a subject experiences a particular emotion, scientists have

been able to identify the concomitant brainwave pattern and can now

duplicate it. "These clusters are then placed on the Silent

Sound[TM] carrier frequencies and will silently trigger the

occurrence of the same basic emotion in another human being!"



Up to Contents



SYSTEM DELIVERY AND APPLICATIONS



There is a lot more involved here than a simple subliminal sound

system. There are numerous patented technologies which can be

piggybacked individually or collectively onto a carrier frequency

to elicit all kinds of effects.



There appear to be two methods of delivery with the system. One is

direct microwave induction into the brain of the subject, limited

to short-range operations. The other, as described above, utilises

ordinary radio and television carrier frequencies.



Far from necessarily being used as a weapon against a person, the

system does have limitless positive applications. However, the fact

that the sounds are subliminal makes them virtually undetectable

and possibly dangerous to the general public.



In more conventional use, the Silent Sounds Subliminal System might

utilise voice commands, e.g., as an adjunct to security systems.

Beneath the musical broadcast that you hear in stores and shopping

malls may be a hidden message which exhorts against shoplifting.

And while voice commands alone are powerful, when the subliminal

presentation system carries cloned emotional signatures, the result

is overwhelming.



Free-market uses for this technology are the common self-help

tapes; positive affirmation, relaxation and meditation tapes; as

well as methods to increase learning capabilities.



In a medical context, these systems can be used to great advantage

to treat psychiatric and psychosomatic problems. As a system for

remediating the profoundly deaf, it is unequalled. (Promises,

promises. This is the most common positive use touted for this

technology over the past 30 years. But the deaf are still deaf, and

the military now has a weapon to use on unsuspecting people with

perfectly normal hearing.)



OFFICIAL DENIALS



In fact, the US Government has denied or refused to comment on

mindaltering weapons for years. Only last year, US News & World

Report ran an article titled "Wonder Weapons", basically a review of

the new so-called 'non-lethal' or 'less-than -lethal' weapons.' Not

one word about S-quad, although the technology had been used six

years earlier!



Excerpts from the article read:



"Says Charles Bernard, a former Navy weapons-research director: 'I

have yet to see one of these ray-gun things that actually works…";

and



DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has come to us

every few years to see if there are ways to incapacitate the

central nervous system remotely,' Dr F. Terry Hambrecht, head of

the Neural Prostheses Program at NIH, told US News, 'but nothing

has ever come of it,' he said. 'That is too science-fiction and

far-fetched."'



It may sound "science fiction and far-fetched" but it is not.

However, that is just what the powers-that-be want you to believe,

so as to leave them alone in their relentless pursuit of...what?



The idea behind non-lethal weapons is to incapacitate the enemy

without actually killing them, or, in the case of riot control or

hostage situations, to disable the participants without permanent

injury, preferably without their knowing it. The electromagnetic

mind-altering technologies would all fall into this class of

weapons, but since they are all officially non-existent, who is to

decide when and where they will be used?



And why should selected companies in the entertainment industry

reportedly be allowed access to this technology when the very fact

of its existence is denied to the general public?



As recently as last month [February], this stonewall approach of

total denial or silence on the subject still held fast, even toward

committees of the US Congress!



- The Joint Economics Committee, chaired by Jim Saxton (R-NJ),

convened on February 25, 1998 for the "Hearing on Radio Frequency

Weapons and Proliferation: Potential Impact on the Economy".

Invited testimony included statements by several authorities from

the military:



- Dr Alan Kehs, of the US Army Laboratories, discussed the overall

RF threat.



- Mr James O'Bryon, Deputy Director of Operational Testing and

Director of live fire testing for the Office of Secretary of

Defense at the Pentagon, discussed the role of Live Fire Testing

and how it plays a role in testing military equipment with RF

weapons.



- Mr David Schriner, Principal Engineer of Directed Energy Studies

with Electronic Warfare Associates and recently retired as an

engineer with a naval weapons testing facility, talked about the

difficulty in building an RF weapon and about the terrorist threat.



- Dr Ira Merritt, Chief of Concepts Identification and Applications

Analysis Division, Advanced Technology Directorate, Missile Defense

and Space Technology Center, Huntsville, Alabama, discussed the

proliferation of RF weapons primarily from the former Soviet Union.



Although these statements gave information of technical interest,

they are perhaps more important for the information they did not

give: information on the existence of radiofrequency weapons that

directly affect the human brain and nervous system.



KGB PSYCHOTRONICS



This technology did not spring up overnight. It has a long history

of development and denials of development-by the US Government and

probably half of the other governments of the world as well.



We know that the former Soviet Union was actively engaged in this

type of research. In a previous article we reported that during the

1970s the Soviet KGB developed a Psychotronic Influence System

(PIS) that was used to turn soldiers into programmable 'human

weapons'. The system employed a combination of highfrequency

radiowaves and hypnosis. The PIS project was begun in response to a

similar training scheme launched in the US by President Carter,

according to Yuri Malin, former security adviser to USSR President

Gorbachev.[8]



In my Electromagnetic Weapons Timeline[9] I covered a period of 60

years of interest and development in EM weapons—information

gathered from the many articles and news clippings sent in by

readers of Resonance. In my article on synthetic telepathy[10] I

traced the development of the 'voice in your head' technology

dating back to 1961, all my references coming from the open

scientific literature.



POWER OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX



Jan Wiesemann has written an apt description of the situation which

now exists in the United States, about the 'forces that be' and how

the situation came about:



"During the Cold War the United States not only engaged in a

relatively open nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, but also

engaged in a secret race developing unconventional weapons. As the

intelligence agencies (which prior to the Second World War had

merely played a supporting role within the government) continued to

increase their power, so did the funds spent on developing

techniques designed to outsmart each other.



"And as the US intelligence community began to grow, a secret

culture sprang about which enabled the intelligence players to

implement the various developed techniques to cleverly circumvent

the democratic processes and institutions...



"Like many other democracies, the US Government is made up of two

basic parts the elected constituency, i.e., the various governors,

judges, congressmen and the President; and the unelected

bureaucracies, as represented by the numerous federal agencies.



"In a well-balanced and correctly functioning democracy, the

elected part of the government is in charge of its unelected

bureaucratic part, giving the people a real voice in the agenda set

by their government.



"While a significant part of the US Government no doubt fo