ÿWPC,  ü‚ÍêÁe"¤äIªåX˜-J§)I÷£(Ä÷·c½Vd'¬WŠßª½¿×2Qpd+ßÞ#È™l~F œ3Ö@ÐÎ ü_ÎuNoYJ:°…ÜÓÛY³å¥R ³¬ß`ÖD¤^££bf±D’\«jÏWÂGˆx¢`#à©É-.N)ƒo1û®“@ E_^òÿXôg™{b]5„ñIjæÜi¨á‡Ûb%Ûq&)çÚ÷5J¹ªxŸPf‡/™ºÑÉñÌÉÕÜw‡¶ju8Ø..ÜÔJgêFéÎá·wtÝ|YÚc,‘U¾óïèCõ8õqòû¸ôOÔ…>Ëä’û© £cŸK“U&aÆNŸÓi ÃeWPõW\¬Åb¯Ýc“µ· 3Ã¥gyõ¼ÞÛäƒ jæ™?ö²a˜ç ¡ï¾9ÉÀGAÎKN Úgšcóa¤î¶K`©*fÏi$íe[‰U®¯> bœÎz b%riX)Ÿhבö\'³ºÐ(ÐN }аuά rÛŽìdU÷ï*žÌº‡èAX3QØ2‹"FÓø³ydnvV–pçúµ1G¥ªt¬2Ð$ ®ç(_Œò ”ß§Ù劉Ú!væVV@27r#ÁîUN¯ %ý 0:^ =wI4Map mrG‰ 0NÐ 0D 0mbÏU@ì˜HP LaserJet 4P/4MP PostScriptÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô Ÿ<2 »ƒ;2ð£3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ =Ý ƒLy%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€Discussed€in€The€Metaphor€of€Standing€and€the€Problem€of€Self-Governance,€by€Steven€L.Ð $X ÐWinter,€40€Stan.€L.€Rev.€1371,€July,€1988.Ð ô$D  Ðhttp://www.constitution.org/duepr/standing/winter_standing.htm(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ($Ó$‘‘òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(.3Ly$¥¥Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú. Ý ƒLy%ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€Probably€his€best€known€law€review€article€is€Public€Safety€or€Bills€of€Attainder?,€West€LosÐ ”'ä" ÐAngeles€Law€Review,€Vol.€35,€2003.€http://www.constitution.org/col/psrboa.htm(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8°ÑÒ8°ÒÓ  Óò òIN€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTÐ ° ÐFOR€THE€EASTERN€DISTRICT€OF€TEXASÐ œì ÐMARSHALL€DIVISIONó óÐ ˆØ ÐÓYÓÌWALTER€SESSION,€ET€AL.à0 h àà0Àh #h #àððÐ`°À #À # ÐÌvs.à0  àà0`  # #àà0¸ `  #`  #àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àCIVIL€ACTION€NO.€2:03-CV-354Ð8 ˆ # # ÐÌRICK€PERRY,€ET€AL.à0  àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àConsolidatedÐ ` # # ÐÌÓ  Óò òAPPLICATION€FOR€LEAVE€TO€FILE€BRIEF€AS€òòAMICUS€CURIAEóóó óÐ è 8  ÐÓ»ÓÓÓÌà  àApplicant€submits€this€brief€late€because€it€was€necessary€to€provide€litigants€andÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€an€opportunity€by€the€January€14,€2005,€deadline€to€properly€address€the€concerns€ofÐ „Ô  Ðthe€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€its€remand€and€direction€that€the€case€be€reconsidered€in€theÐ \¬ Ðlight€ofòò€Ô_ÔViethÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔJubilirerÔ_Ôóó.€None€of€them€has€adequately€done€so.€That€remand€was€an€invitation€toÐ 4„ Ðpresent€the€court€standards€by€which€it€could€decide€when€congressional€district€maps€are€drawn€inÐ  \ Ða€way€that€is€partisan€to€a€degree€that€the€constitutional€issues€are€justiciable.€Applicant€presentsÐ ä4 Ðsuch€standards€that€the€corrupt€practice€of€gerrymandering€can€be€ended€after€more€than€200€years,Ð ¼  Ðand€partisan€influence€that€is€undue€or€excessive€not€just€be€reduced,€but€removed€altogether.Ð ”ä ÐÓÓÌÌÌÌJon€Roland,€òòin€Ô_ÔpropriaÔ_Ô€personaóóÐ #l! Ð7793€Burnet€Road€#37Ð $X" ÐAustin,€Texas€78757Ð ô$D # ÐTelephone:€(512)374„9585Ð à%0!$ ÐEmail:€jon.roland@constitution.orgÐ Ì&"% ÐÌJanuary€20,€2005Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌÐ  |*Ì%) Ðò òÓ  ÓIN€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTÐ ° ÐFOR€THE€EASTERN€DISTRICT€OF€TEXASÐ œì ÐMARSHALL€DIVISIONó óÐ ˆØ ÐÓ¸ÓÌWALTER€SESSION,€ET€AL.à0 h àà0Àh #h #àððÐ`°À #À # ÐÌvs.à0  àà0`  # #àà0¸ `  #`  #àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àCIVIL€ACTION€NO.€2:03-CV-354Ð8 ˆ # # ÐÌRICK€PERRY,€ET€AL.à0  àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àConsolidatedÐ ` # # ÐÌÓ  Óò òGRANT€OF€LEAVE€TO€FILE€BRIEF€AS€òòAMICUS€CURIAEóóó óÐ è 8  ÐÓ ÓÌÌÌLeave€to€file€brief€as€òòamicus€curiaeóó€is€hereby€granted€to€Jon€Roland€in€this€case.Ð ˜è  ÐÌÌÌÌÌ_____________________________________________à0 p à__________________________Ð pp #p # ÐJudge€presidingà0 ¸ àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àà0À #À #àà0p # #àDateÐ \p #p # ÐÌÐ  ä4 Ðò òÓ  ÓCERTIFICATE€OF€SERVICEó óÐ ° ÐÓ# 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 #àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àP.O.€Box€12548,€Capitol€StationÐ `À #À # ÐòòDivision€Chief€of€Financial€Litigationóóà0 À àAustin,€TX€78711Ðü L À #À # ÐJeff€Grahamà0 ` àà0¸ `  #`  #àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àtel:€(512)€463-2191Ðè 8 À #À # ÐòòAssistant€Attorney€GeneralóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌOtis€W.€Carrollà0 ¸ àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àJ.€Gerald€Hebert,€P.C.Ьü À #À # ÐIRELAND,€CARROLL€&€KELLEY,€P.C.à0 À à5019€Ô_ÔWapleÔ_Ô€LaneИè À #À # Ð6101€South€Broadway,€Suite€500à0 h àà0Àh #h #àAlexandria,€VA€22304Ð„Ô À #À # ÐTyler,€Texas€75703Ð pÀ ÐÌFranklin€Jones,€Jr.à0 ¸ àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àPaul€M.€SmithÐH˜À #À # ÐJONES€&€JONES€à0 ¸ àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àSam€HirschÐ4„À #À # Ð201€West€Houston€Streetà0  àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àJENNER€&€BLOCK,€Ô_ÔLLPÔ_Ô.Ð pÀ #À # ÐMarshall,€Texas€75670à0  àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #à601€Thirteenth€Street,€Ô_ÔN.W.Ô_ÔÐ \À #À # Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àWashington,€D.C.€20005Ð øH ÐÌÌÌÌ___________________________________Ð ”ä ÐJon€Roland,€òòamicus€curiaeóóÐ €Ð ÐÐ  l¼ ÐØØò òÓ  ÓÑ8€ïXXdìdÈ8ÑIN€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTÐ ° ÐFOR€THE€EASTERN€DISTRICT€OF€TEXASÐ œì ÐMARSHALL€DIVISIONó óÐ ˆØ ÐÓî-ÓÌWALTER€SESSION,€ET€AL.à0 h àà0Àh #h #àððÐ`°À #À # ÐÌvs.à0  àà0`  # #àà0¸ `  #`  #àà0¸  #¸  #àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àCIVIL€ACTION€NO.€2:03-CV-354Ð8 ˆ # # ÐÌRICK€PERRY,€ET€AL.à0  àà0h # #àà0Àh #h #àððà0À #À #àConsolidatedÐ ` # # ÐÌÓ  Óò òBRIEF€OF€JON€ROLAND€AS€òòAMICUS€CURIAEóóó óÐ è 8  ÐÓ…0ÓÓÓÓÓÌJon€Roland,€òòin€Ô_ÔpropriaÔ_Ô€personaóóÐ À  Ð7793€Burnet€Road€#37Ð ¬ü  ÐAustin,€Texas€78757Ð ˜è  ÐTelephone:€(512)374„9585Ð „Ô  ÐEmail:€jon.roland@constitution.orgÐ pÀ ÐÓø0ÓÌò òIntroductionó óÐ 4„ Ðà  àThis€case€has€emerged€as€a€contest€between€two€groups€of€litigant„Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô,€oneÐ  \ Ðsupporting€the€Map€of€2003,€gerrymandered€in€favor€of€the€Republican€Party,€and€the€other€theÐ ä4 Ðundoing€of€the€Map€of€2003€and€a€return€to€what€we€may€call€the€Map€of€2001,€which€isÐ ¼  Ðgerrymandered€in€favor€of€the€Democratic€Party.€Now€the€election€of€2004€has€already€beenÐ ”ä Ðconducted€using€the€Map€of€2003,€and€members€of€Congress€elected€from€districts€of€that€map€areÐ l¼ Ðor€will€be€seated€in€the€2005€session€of€Congress.Ð D!” Ðà  àAttorneys€for€the€litigant„Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€opposing€the€Map€of€2003€make€cogent€argumentsÐ #l! Ðagainst€the€Map€of€2003€in€their€filings,€which€will€not€be€repeated€here.€The€problem€is€that€thoseÐ ô$D # Ðsame€arguments€apply€equally€well€to€the€Map€of€2001.Ð Ì&"% Ðà  àIn€the€brief€of€the€Jackson€plaintiffs€and€Democratic€Party€Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€the€duty€of€this€courtÐ ¤(ô#' Ðand€all€parties€is€defined€well€by€the€characterization€of€the€position€of€the€U.S.€Supreme€Court€onÐ |*Ì%) Ðremand€by€a€ð ðmajority€of€the€Supreme€Court€Justices€have€now€held€that€partisan-gerrymanderingÐ T,¤'+ Ðclaims€remain€justiciable,€all€members€of€the€Court€have€now€agreed€that€severe€partisanÐ ° Ðgerrymanders€violate€the€Equal€Protection€Clause,€...ðð€but€that€the€plurality€ð ðdespaired€of€finding€aÐ ˆØ Ðworkable€standardðð,€citing€òòÔ_ÔViethÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔJubelirerÔ_Ôóó,€124€S.€Ct.€at€1785.Ð `° Ðà  àLitigant„Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€have€been€arguing€this€case€as€though€they€are€asserting€a€propertyÐ 8 ˆ Ðright€in€the€district€maps,€but€there€can€be€no€property€right€in€district€maps.€Their€standing,€if€any,Ð  ` Ðin€this€case€must€be€based€on€the€ancient€principle€of€having€the€right€to€privately€prosecute€aÐ è 8  Ðpublic€right,€and€that€may€require€us€to€re„examine€the€precedent€set€inòò€Ô_ÔFrothinghamÔ_Ô€v.€Mellonóó,Ð À  Ð262€U.S.€447€(1923).× ƒ ×Ý ƒ $ÓÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜è  Ðà  àBased€on€the€briefs€òòamicusóó€has€seen,€none€of€the€litigant„Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€has€properly€orÐ pÀ Ðadequately€€addressed€the€concerns€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€its€remand€and€directionÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€case€be€reconsidered€in€the€light€ofòò€Ô_ÔViethÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔJubilirerÔ_Ôóó.€That€remand€was€an€invitation€toÐ  p Ðpresent€the€court€standards€by€which€it€could€decide€when€congressional€district€maps€are€drawn€inÐ øH Ða€way€that€is€partisan€to€a€degree€that€the€constitutional€issues€are€justiciable.€The€failure€ofÐ Ð  Ðlitigant„Ô_ÔintervenorsÔ_Ô€to€thus€respond€borders€on€contempt,€and€presents€this€court€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðunenviable€choice€between€two€alternatives,€both€of€which€are€unconstitutional.€A€third€map,Ð €Ð Ðdeveloped€using€the€same€methods€used€to€produce€the€first€two,€would€not€be€a€solution,€becauseÐ X ¨ Ðthe€process€is€the€problem.€òòAmicusóó€presents€an€entirely€different€alternative,€and€standards€byÐ 0"€  Ðwhich€the€corrupt€practice€of€gerrymandering€can€be€ended€after€more€than€200€years,€ending€notÐ $X" Ðjust€partisan€influence€that€is€undue€or€excessive,€but€removing€it€altogether.Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àWhat€has€heretofore€been€missing€from€these€lines€of€argument€is€the€recognition€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðpartisan€gerrymandering€is€not€an€attribute€of€maps€so€much€as€of€the€process€of€producing€andÐ )à$( Ðadopting€them.€When€maps€are€drawn€by€partisan€human€beings,€no€matter€how€conscientious€theyÐ h+¸&* Ðmight€be€to€avoid€partisan€bias,€there€will€inevitably€be€undue€influence€exerted€upon€those€doingÐ ° Ðthe€drawing€and€adopting,€and€also€by€those€doing€the€drawing€and€adopting€on€those€with€a€stakeÐ ˆØ Ðin€the€outcomes.€There€is€a€problem€even€if€no€one€yields€to€such€undue€influence€and€it€is€only€aÐ `° Ðmatter€of€appearance€and€not€of€substance.€€Corruption€works€both€ways.€Ð 8 ˆ Ðò òThe€new€situationó óÐ  ` Ðà  àFor€more€than€200€years€partisan€gerrymandering€has€been€taking€place€in€the€UnitedÐ è 8  ÐStates.€It€is€named€for€Ô_ÔElbridgeÔ_Ô€Gerry,€one€of€the€Founders.€This€legacy€is€due€in€no€small€part€toÐ À  Ðthe€fact€that€there€was€no€alternative€method€available€of€drawing€maps€than€to€have€it€be€done€byÐ ˜è  Ðhuman€beings,€and€the€process€was€so€laborious€that€it€was€impractical€to€produce€large€numbersÐ pÀ Ðof€maps€and€have€the€final€map€be€selected€at€random€rather€than€by€legislative€debate€and€vote€onÐ H˜ Ða€particular€map.Ð  p Ðà  àThat€situation€has€changed.€The€technology€now€exists€to€have€a€computer€program€drawÐ øH Ðmaps€randomly€that€soon€satisfy€almost€any€combination€of€mathematical€constraints€one€mightÐ Ð  Ðwant€to€impose€on€them,€without€any€manual€intervention.€Even€though€the€constraints€remain€theÐ ¨ø Ðsame,€each€time€the€program€is€run,€a€quite€different€map€is€produced.€Some€such€programs€areÐ €Ð Ðcommercial€products,€readily€available€at€a€modest€cost.€But€perhaps€the€best€is€called€òòTargetóó,Ð X ¨ Ðwritten€by€staff€programmers€of€the€Texas€Legislative€Council.€It€works€well,€feeding€its€results€toÐ 0"€  Ðthe€òòÔ_ÔRedApplÔ_Ôóó€program€used€now€to€manually€draw€maps,€which€also€produces€the€legal€descriptionsÐ $X" Ðof€the€districts.Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àIt€is€no€longer€necessary€for€courts€to€be€asked€to€examine€maps€as€possible€instances€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðsevere€partisan€gerrymandering.€The€technical€means€now€exists€to€end€forever€the€corrupt€processÐ )à$( Ðthat€produces€gerrymandered€maps,€by€letting€machines€produce€them,€mechanically,€withoutÐ h+¸&* Ðinfluence€by€partisan€factors.€Courts€or€legislatures€need€only€specify€the€constraints€andÐ ° Ðadministrative€procedures,€generating€many€and€adopting€one€at€random,€without€debate€overÐ ˆØ Ðadoption€of€the€final€version.Ð `° Ðà  àThe€court€is€invited€to€travel€to€Austin€to€the€staff€offices€of€the€Texas€Legislative€CouncilÐ 8 ˆ Ðat€1501€N.€Congress€Avenue,€Austin,€Texas€78711€tel.€(512)463„1143€for€a€demonstration€of€theÐ  ` ÐTarget€program€used€to€generate€maps€according€to€the€constraints€proposed€in€this€brief.€It€wouldÐ è 8  Ðbe€possible€in€principle€for€the€Texas€Legislative€Council€to€arrange€for€a€demonstration€of€theÐ À  Ðprogram€in€the€courthouse€in€Marshall,€but€that€would€involve€considerable€time€and€expense.€AÐ ˜è  Ðvideo€clip€of€a€demonstration€is€online€linked€from€the€website€of€òòamicusóó€atÐ pÀ Ðhttp://www.constitution.org/reform/us/tx/redistrict/cnpr.htm€and€òòamicusóó€is€willing€to€play€it€for€theÐ H˜ Ðcourt€if€it€is€interested,€but€there€is€no€good€substitute€for€a€direct€experience€with€the€program,€andÐ  p Ðthe€importance€of€this€case€suggests€it€may€be€worthwhile€for€the€court€to€take€the€extraordinaryÐ øH Ðstep€of€visiting€Austin€for€a€demonstration.€If€it€does,€òòamicusóó€stands€ready€to€assist€in€exploring€theÐ Ð  Ðproduct€and€its€possibilities.Ð ¨ø Ðò òProposed€standardsó óÐ €Ð ÐÔ‡XïXXXÔ(1)€òòConstraints€on€the€maps.óó€The€smallest€unit€of€area€shall€be€the€voting€precinct,€as€presentlyÐ X ¨ Ðestablished€by€law,€which€shall€be€of€equal€population€within€a€county€and€not€differ€in€populationÐ 0"€  Ðfrom€county€to€county€by€more€than€necessary€to€accommodate€counties€of€low€population.Ð $X" Ðà  à(a)€The€population€of€each€district€shall€not€differ€from€that€of€any€of€the€other€districts€byÐ à%0!$ Ðmore€than€a€factor€of€0.0001€or€the€margin€of€error€of€the€census€count,€whichever€is€less.Ð ¸'#& Ðà  à(b)€Only€counties€with€a€population€of€more€than€a€factor€of€between€0.1€and€1/3,€initiallyÐ )à$( Ð1/3€unless€or€until€amended€by€the€State€Legislature,€of€the€average€population€of€a€congressionalÐ h+¸&* Ðdistrict,€may€be€split€between€districts,€unless€a€larger€number€of€counties€must€be€split€to€meet€theÐ ° Ðspecification€(a)€above,€and€a€smaller€number€of€counties€shall€be€split€if€specification€(a)€can€beÐ ˆØ Ðmet.Ð `° Ðà  à(c)€Districts€must€be€contiguous,€so€that€there€is€always€at€least€one€continuous€line€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðpoints€connecting€any€two€points€within€the€district,€and€no€connection€consists€only€of€a€line.Ð  ` Ðà  à(d)€Districts€must€be€simply€connected,€so€that€any€continuous€loop€of€points€within€theÐ è 8  Ðdistrict€may€be€shrunk€to€a€point€within€the€district€without€crossing€boundary€lines.Ð À  Ðà  à(e)€Districts€shall€be€maximally€compact,€resulting€from€a€running€time€of€at€least€6€and€notÐ ˜è  Ðto€exceed€24€hours,€adjusted€for€improvements€in€processor€speed,€with€compactness€defined€byÐ pÀ Ðminimizing€the€value€of€pðð/4ð!ðA,€where€p€=€perimeter€and€A€=€area€of€the€district,€with€all€otherÐ H˜ Ðvalues€remaining€constant€or€improving.Ð  p ÐÔ#†XïXXXïXR#Ô(2)€òòProcedures.óó€District€maps€shall€be€generated€and€finally€adopted€mechanically€with€minimalÐ øH Ðhuman€intervention€using€a€computer€program.Ð Ð  ÐÔ‡XïXXXïÔà  à(a)€The€software€to€be€used€initially€shall€be€the€Target€software€already€developed,€butÐ ¨ø Ðmay€be€modified€or€replaced€at€the€discretion€of€the€State€Legislature€thereafter.€But€source€codeÐ €Ð Ðfor€the€production€version€of€any€computer€redistricting€software€and€the€database€shall€be€madeÐ X ¨ Ðaccessible€for€downloading€from€the€web€site€of€the€State€€for€public€examination€and€comment,Ð 0"€  Ðand€to€be€shared€with€other€states€and€communities,€at€no€cost.Ô#†XïXXXï[#ÔÐ $X" Ðà  à(b)€The€State€shall€establish€and€maintain€adequate€safeguards€to€insure€that€noÐ à%0!$ Ðunauthorized€alterations€are€made€in€the€software€or€interventions€in€the€running€of€it€that€mightÐ ¸'#& Ðbias€the€output.€As€soon€as€feasible,€a€version€of€the€present€database€containing€Ô_ÔonlyÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€informationÐ )à$( Ðneeded€to€satisfy€the€public€constraints€established€herein€or€by€act€of€the€State€Legislature€shall€beÐ h+¸&* Ðprepared,€and€made€the€only€database€accessible€to€the€redistricting€program€during€the€generationÐ ° Ðof€maps€for€official€selection.Ð ˆØ Ðà  à(c)€A€commission€or€jury,€hereinafter€called€the€ð ðCommissionðð,€consisting€of€at€leastÐ `° Ðtwelve€and€not€more€than€23€individuals,€initially€the€Texas€Legislative€Council€unless€or€until€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐState€Legislature€shall€provide€otherwise,€shall€supervise€the€redistricting€process.Ð  ` Ðà  à(d)€Initially,€and€thereafter€during€one€month€every€two€years€prior€to€each€CongressionalÐ è 8  Ðelection,€and€after€the€most€recent€Ô_ÔdecennielÔ_Ô€census€results€are€available,€the€Commission€shallÐ À  Ðcause€to€be€generated€at€least€twice€as€many€maps€as€there€are€members€of€the€Commission.Ð ˜è  Ðà  à(e)€Each€Commission€member€shall€have€the€right€to€reject€or€strike€one€map€from€amongÐ pÀ Ðthe€maps€generated€during€the€current€redistricting€session.Ð H˜ Ðà  à(f)€One€map€shall€be€selected€at€random€from€among€the€generated€maps€that€remain€afterÐ  p Ðstrikes,€and€that€map€shall€become€the€district€map€for€the€next€election€without€amendment€orÐ øH Ðdebate.Ð Ð  Ðà  à(g)€The€biannual€schedule€of€redistricting€may€revert€to€a€Ô_ÔdecennielÔ_Ô€schedule€after€2010,€ifÐ ¨ø Ðthe€State€Legislature€so€enacts.Ð €Ð Ðò òSatisfaction€of€other€or€previous€constraintsó óÐ X ¨ Ðà  àThe€question€must€be€addressed€of€what€to€do€about€compliance€with€such€constraints€asÐ 0"€  Ðprovisions€of€the€Voting€Rights€Act€that€proscribe€dilution€of€minority„majority€districts.€WhileÐ $X" Ðthis€can€be€made€an€additional€constraint€on€the€maps€to€be€generated€by€the€redistricting€software,Ð à%0!$ Ðand€should€be€done€initially€if€possible,€there€are€several€difficulties€with€that€requirement€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðmust€be€addressed€by€Congress€and€the€courts.Ð )à$( Ðà  à(1)€Demographic€trends€may€make€it€difficult€or€impossible€to€attain.€Integration€isÐ h+¸&* Ðworking.€Ethnic€groups€are€becoming€increasingly€dispersed€and€intermingled,€such€that€if€presentÐ ° Ðtrends€continue,€it€may€become€impossible€to€find€any€locality€were€a€minority€is€a€majority,€orÐ ˆØ Ðeven€concentrated€to€a€high€degree,€at€the€level€of€a€congressional€district.Ð `° Ðà  à(2)€The€requirement€presumes€manually„drawn€maps,€which€have€historically€beenÐ 8 ˆ Ðsusceptible€to€ethnic€gerrymandering.€Replacement€of€a€manual€process€by€a€mechanical€processÐ  ` Ðwhich€has€no€information€about€ethnicity€effectively€eliminates€the€factor€of€ethnic€discrimination.Ð è 8  ÐIf€minority€representation€remains€a€valid€political€goal,€and€discrimination€is€no€longer€possible,Ð À  Ðthen€it€will€be€time€to€initiate€public€debate€on€the€issue.Ð ˜è  Ðà  à(3)€For€the€above€reasons,€it€shall€not€be€deemed€a€violation€of€the€Voting€Rights€Act€if€theÐ pÀ Ðmap€adopted€by€the€above€process€happens€to€dilute€minority„majority€districts.Ð H˜ Ðò òFurther€argumentó óÐ  p Ðà  àNow€all€of€this€would€seem€to€suggest€that€the€court€ð ðlegislate€from€the€benchðð,€somethingÐ øH Ðneither€the€court€nor€òòamicusóó€would€favor€under€any€but€extraordinary€circumstances,€but€we€haveÐ Ð  Ðto€ask€whether€the€State€Legislature€is€going€to€do€its€duty€to€properly€legislate€in€this€area€and€notÐ ¨ø Ðcontinue€to€abuse€its€legislative€discretion,€and€if€it€is€not,€and€in€the€absence€of€any€legislationÐ €Ð Ðfrom€Congress,€whether€the€court€has€any€choice€but€to€intervene€with€a€solution€òòÔ_ÔsuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsponteÔ_Ôóó€asÐ X ¨ Ðcomplex€as€the€situation€requires€to€satisfy€the€letter€and€spirit€of€the€Constitution.Ð 0"€  Ðà  àòòAmicusóó€drafted€two€alternative€bills€for€the€Texas€Legislature,€but€after€canvassing€nearlyÐ $X" Ðthe€entire€membership,€could€not€find€a€single€member€willing€to€sponsor€legislation€that€wouldÐ à%0!$ Ðaccomplish€what€is€being€proposed€in€this€brief.€He€received€a€great€deal€of€favorable€comment€toÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€effect€that€his€was€the€most€rational,€sensible,€and€statesmanlike€alternative,€but€members€wereÐ )à$( Ðunwilling€to€defy€their€party€leadership,€some€expressing€real€fear.€It€would€seem€that€theÐ h+¸&* ÐRepublican€majority€wants€to€amplify€its€power€to€the€maximum€extent€possible,€€the€DemocratÐ ° ÐParty€wants€an€issue€it€thinks€will€help€it€regain€the€majority€after€the€next€election,€and€neitherÐ ˆØ Ðseems€devoted€to€the€Constitution€or€to€doing€what€is€best€for€the€people.€In€the€face€of€thisÐ `° Ðrelentless€dereliction,€it€would€seem€the€court€has€little€choice€but€to€consider€a€judicial€solutionÐ 8 ˆ Ðlike€this,€nor€the€òòamicusóó€any€choice€but€to€propose€it€in€this€somewhat€unconventional€brief.Ð  ` Ðò òAbout€the€òòamicusóóó óÐ è 8  ÐÓÓJon€Roland€is€founder€and€president€of€the€Constitution€Society,€founded€in€1994,€same€address,Ð À  Ðwith€website€at€http://www.constitution.org,€and€editor€of€the€digital€online€editions€of€most€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ðmore€important€works€of€constitutional€history,€law,€and€government,€which€can€be€found€at€thatÐ ˜è  Ðsite.× ƒ ×Ý ƒ $ÓÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€He€was€the€nominee€in€2002€for€the€office€of€Texas€Attorney€General€of€the€TexasÐ „Ô  ÐLibertarian€Party.€By€profession€he€is€a€computer€programmer,€but€has€not€contributed€to€theÐ pÀ Ðdevelopment€of€the€software€discussed€in€this€brief.Ð \¬ ÐÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÌRespectfully€submitted,Ð 4„ ÐÌÌÌ_____________________________________________Ð ä4 ÐÌJon€Roland,€òòin€propria€personaóóÐ ¼  Ð7793€Burnet€Road€#37Ð ¨ø ÐAustin,€Texas€78757Ð ”ä ÐTelephone:€(512)374„9585Ð €Ð ÐEmail:€jon.roland@constitution.orgÐ l¼ ÐÌJanuary€20,€2005Ð D!” Ð____________Ð 0"€  ÐÓ xÓÌ