TRAINING MANUAL } WAR DEPARTMENT,
No. 2000-25 } WASHINGTON, November 30, 1928.
CITIZENSHIP
Prepared under direction of the Chief of Staff
This manual supersedes Manual of Citizenship Training
The use of the publication "The Constitution of the United States," by Harry Atwood, is by permission and courtesy of the author.
The source of other references is shown in the bibliography
PART I GENERAL
Paragraphs
SECTION I. Introduction ------------------------------------- 1-7
II. Mission of course ------------------------------------------ 8-11
III. Time allotted -------------------------------------------------12
IV. Method of instruction ---------------------------------- 13-20
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
Paragraph
National defense --------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Citizenship training -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Individual initiative ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Foundation of citizenship --------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Social phase of citizenship -------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Economic phase of citizenship --------------------------------------------------------- 6
Philosophy of American Government ------------------------------------------------- 7
1. National defense. Under the national defense act as amended in 1920. the War Department, among its many other duties, is charged with the task of recruiting and training the young men of our Nation through enlistments in the Regular Army, voluntary enlistment in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps of high schools, colleges, universities, and in the 30-day training period in citizens' military training camps throughout the nine corps areas of the United States. The combined average yearly strength of these various units approximates some 260,000 young men between the
ages of 16 and 25 years, the most critical period in the determination of their real value as citizens of our country.
It is. therefore, essential that the training of these young men embody, with their instruction in military science, at least a basic course in the science of government and the privileges, duties, and responsibilities of the individual citizen, in order that they may be returned to civilian life better equipped as the defenders of the institutions of our Government in time of peace as well as in time of war.
2. Citizenship training. Training in citizenship is the most vital of all subjects to that nation whose system of government, security of property, and full power to express individual initiative are based upon the intelligence, education, and character of each individual citizen.
3. Individual initiative. Individual initiative is the product of slow progress in the development of the idea and ideals of self-goveinment. It was cherished in the minds of the early Germanic tribes, transmitted by them in the fifth century to the conquered British Isles, there developed and finally transferred in principle to the shores of America 300 years ago.
From the landing of the first settlers through the slow and perilous years of colonial development, the struggles of the Revolutionary days, the hardships and privations following the adoption of our Constitution, the winning of the Great West, the fight to save our Union, and the tremendous accomplishments in the development of agricultural and industrial resources, individual initiative, coupled with community cooperation, has been a determining factor, a spur to our achievements, and a guaranty to our national security.
The protest of the Colonies against usurpation of the rights of citizens, the Declaration of Independence, the Revolutionary War, the writing and adoption of the Constitution of the United States. and the ever-increasing development in population, industry, wealth, and security, denoting the achievements of the United States, would not have been possible lacking the spirit of individual initiative and the talent for self-government. The United States worked out its own destiny by the simple process of hard labor inspired with the knowledge of full opportunity in the exercise of individual ability, and sure reward and protection in the possession of the fruits of their labor.
4. Foundation of citizenship. In any instruction in citizenship productive of lasting results, there must be woven into the study the story of the faith, sacrifice, service, and achievements of the pioneers of America from the landing of the Pilgrims to the settlement of the
Great West and the development of our vast national resources. This story, pregnant with hope, faith, courage, and the will to work. is the rock foundation upon which to build the structure of citizenship in the youth of to-day that the future may be assured in perpetuity of the institutions, principles, ideals, and traditions the development of which has made the United States great among the nations of the world.
A study of the census reports of the United States, particularly during the past 50 years, reveals a condition that to every thinking man and woman is fraught with grave danger to the continuation and maintenance of our constitutional form of government and the blessings of liberty which we enjoy. We must be prepared to recognize this situation and find the solution of the problem.
6. Social phase of citizenship. As the result of the changing life stream of America, there has arisen one of the greatest problems of our national life. Up to 30 years ago approximately 90 per cent of all immigration to America was of Anglo-Saxon origin, that race of people which has been working out the problem of self-government for nearly 2,000 years. Due to the remarkable impetus given to industrial development following 1890, opportunity for employment was offered and every inducement made to secure the immigration of European common labor, resulting in an immediate change in the type of immigration to America, by which central. eastern, and southern Europe increased their totals by over fifty times in the 50 years from 1870 to 1920.
The history of the nations from which this later immigration originated is that of large cultural advantages in art. literature, and science, enjoyed by the ruling and favored minority, while oppression, privation, and suffering were endured by the great majority of their subjects.
This latter class, without knowledge of self-government, denied the opportunity for self-development, eagerly responding to the call of American opportunity, emigrated to our shores, here to enjoy full participation in the rights of American citizenship without a proper Understanding of the meaning of liberty or the nature and value of our free institutions, the very foundation of which is laid in intelligent and active participation in government by our individual citizens.
A course of instruction in citizenship to be effective must develop the social phase of citizenship and be particularly directed to the native and foreign-born youth, setting up a clear understanding of
this great problem of assimilation and amalgamation of the bloods of all nations into the virile life stream of America.
6. Economic phase of citizenship. The industrial achievements of America have become the marvel of the world. Therefore the economic phase of citizenship must be developed with careful study and with all the wisdom we possess that we may assure continued progress to the welfare, tranquillity, and enrichment of our own citizens and at the same time steer a safe course for our ship of state in the maelstrom of world envy engendered by a knowledge of our wealth and power.
In the accomplishment of our industrial achievements the United States has reinvested its profits in the development of horsepower, automatic machinery, labor-saving devices, transportation, communication, organization, administration, and, since the World War, has given further impetus to its accomplishments by sharing more and more the fruit of her industries with the wage-earning class. In the progress thus made the demand for brains to replace brawn has been an ever-increasing factor in the production of our goods as to quantity and quality in order to maintain our sense of well-being, high standards of living, and to meet the competition of the world at large.
A course of instruction in citizenship must emphasize the necessity of the education of our masses as an economic measure in supplying the great need of modern industry.
7. Philosophy of American Government. The philosophy of government, as set up under our Constitution, finds its keynote in individualism as opposed to that misguided philosophy of government, collectivism, which makes the State paramount in its demands over the inalienable rights of its individual citizens. Incomprehensible as it may seem, the political problems of America and of the world at large are embodied in this question of individualism as opposed to collectivism as the philosophy of government for the future development and welfare of nations.
Emphasis must be laid upon the benefits and advantages accruing to each individual citizen of our country under the form of government set up as the supreme law of the land in the Constitution of the United States of America.
SECTION II
MISSION OF COURSE
Paragraph
General purpose------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Knowledge, the safeguard of our Republic----------------------------------------- 9
Character building ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
National defense------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
8. General purpose. This course in citizenship is designed to teach the fundamental principles upon which our Government is founded, including an insight into the social and economic elements upon which our civilization stands. Special emphasis is laid upon the meaning of "liberty," as interpreted by the founders of this Republic, and the larger relationship of the individual citizen to others and to his Government, defining loyalty and national responsibility in terms of citizenship, recognizing that an intelligent and informed people is a greater asset than are the unintelligent, uninformed, or misinformed, and that no government can exist upon a plane higher than the moral character of its people.
9. Knowledge, the safeguard of our Republic. Because of the rapid increase in our population, largely made up of immigrants from all parts of the world, the tendency within the family and the school is to neglect the training of our youth in the knowledge of his Government and his individual responsibility. It can not be expected that foreign-born parents, lacking knowledge or inspiration of American ideals, will be either fitted or inspired to give such instruction to their own children.
The indifference or the neglect of native-born citizens concerning the training of their children to meet the responsibilities of citizenship is largely caused by lack of information and proper tinderstanding of the history, ideals, and underlying principles of our political institutions.
The remarkable development of industry in America has caused a congestion of population in our large cities, creating social, economic, and political problems that materially affect the structure of our Government.
The solution of the problems of citizenship lies largely in the education of the youth of America in the principles of representative government and their personal responsibility in perpetuating and improving her free institutions.
10. Character building. The ever-increasing wants as compared to the needs of humanity, the added individual burdens and problems of modern civilization, emphasizing material rather than
ethical and spiritual attainment, are tending to break down the character of our youth.
It is the mission of this course to specially emphasize the moral aspects of citizenship to build up home discipline, reverence for religion, and respect for constituted authority.
11. National defense. Education and training in citizenship form a vital part of national defense. It will be the mission of this course to interpret national defense through a broad and comprehensive instruction in citizenship, stressing the responsibility of the individual citizen to become fully prepared for the defense of his country in any emergency that may arise, whether of domestic or foreign import, in peace or in war.
SECTION III TIME ALLOTTED
Paragraph Time allotted -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
12. Time allotted. In this course of citizenship adequate time will be allotted for instruction, arranged in a number of short periods of not more than 40 minutes' duration each, which may be supplemented by addresses and travelogues illustrated with stereopticon slides, covering outstanding phases of American history, given to combined groups at such time and frequency as directed by the camp
commander, with special reference to rainy-day schedules.
SECTION IV METHOD OF INSTRUCTION
Paragraph
Outlined topics -------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Questionnaire ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Subject matter suggestive ---------------------------------------------------------15
Plan of instruction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Selection of instructors --------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Suggestions for instructors ------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Supplemental instruction --------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Efficiency --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
13. Outlined topics. This course will be given under a series of outlined topics briefly presented by the instructor, preceded by a few succinct historical statements bearing upon the development of our country.
14. Questionnaire. Brief questionnaires, containing a number of questions pertinent to the subject matter contained in each lesson, are given as an aid to the instructor in guiding the general discussions by the students.
15. Subject matter suggestive. This course is not intended to teach the details of American history, but to give special emphasis to pertinent facts and principles associated with the foundation, development, and preservation of our Government as to its social, economic, and political phases. The instructors should briefly explain the historical and psychological aspects to the various forms of government. '
The subject matter and illustrations are suggestive only and are given as guides in teaching the fundamental principles of government and citizenship. The instructor will make application of these principles in such a manner as to stimulate individual thinking, leaving it to the student to reach his own conclusions based upon the facts and situations discussed.
18. Plan of instruction. In the presentation of this course it is necessary for the instructor to give certain definite and concise information concerning the outstanding characteristics of our country; the fundamental principles of our Government; the spirit and will to do by which it attained its present position; emphasizing the encouragement, assistance, and protection granted every individual citizen as guaranteed in our Constitution as the supreme law of the Nation; developing the idea of individual responsibility and intelligent participation in government as an economic necessity as well as an evidence of patriotism and loyalty to our country.
The didactic method concerning facts of history, social changes, economic development, and basic principles of our Government will be used without discussion and without argument, special emphasis being given to the fact that the United States is a Republic, not a
democracy.
Group discussions will be led by the instructor covering the cardinal points of each lesson as outlined in the text, care being exercised to confine the discussion to the limits of the lesson.
17. Selection of instructors. There shall be designated a director of citizenship training for each Citizens' Military Training Camp. Under his supervision company officers carefully selected by the camp commander will act as instructors in this course. 18. Suggestions for instructors. Instructors are particularly cautioned to confine instruction and discussion in each study period not only to the lesson text but also to keep it within the scope of the general division (social, economic, political) to which that particular lesson is related. The tendency is to wander away into a discussion of all three phases of citizenship, because of the close interrelationship existing in- all the lessons. Clarity of instruction can be had only through close observance of this suggestion.
The instructor must use language simple enough to be readily understood by all.
The text of these lessons is so arranged as to permit additional time for study and discussion when such opportunity is available through accommodation to rainy-day schedules.
19. Supplemental instruction. At the discretion of the camp commander, instruction may be supplemented by addresses given by selected speakers to the combined student body on subjects related to citizenship.
As a part of this course historic facts and brief statements taken from the speeches and writings of distinguished Americans may be projected on the screen immediately preceding the feature picture at all motion-picture shows.
20. Efficiency. To secure the most efficient results, the officers detailed as instructors should be thoroughly trained in the method of using the various studies in citizenship and the questionnaires.
A refresher or normal course will be conducted in each camp for tho instruction of the designated instructors in subject matter and method of presentation, with the view of having the classes in citizenship faced by instructors as alert, competent, and as confident as are the platoons in the military drill.
PART II COURSE OF INSTRUCTION
SOCIAL
Paragraphs
SECTION I. Lesson 1. The American citizen --------------- 21-30
II. Lesson 2. Independent relationships -------------- 31-44
III. Lesson 3. Character, the greatest asset of
America ------------------------------------------ 45-52
IV. Lesson 4. Great Americans and their achieve-
ments ------------------------------------ 53-71
ECONOMIC
V. Lesson 5. Economic development of America ------ 72-92
VI. Lesson 6. Individual initiative -------------------- 93-102
POLITICAL
VII. Lesson 7. Liberty and independence ------------ 103-112
VIII. Lesson 8. The purpose of government ------------- 113-117
IX. Lesson 9. Representative government ------------ 118-135
X. Lesson 10. Personal responsibility ---------------136-144
PATRIOTIC
XI. Lesson 11. Self-preservation ------------------ 145-158
XII. Lesson 12. The American flag ---------------- 159-172
SECTION I LESSON 1. THE AMERICAN CITIZEN
Paragraph
Definition of citizenship ----------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Origin of citizenship --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Source of American citizenship ------------------------------------------------------- 23
Acquisition of American citizenship ------------------------------------------------- 24
Birth.
Immigration and naturalization.
No dual allegiance------------------------------------------------------------------------ 525
Dual citizenship ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Right of suffrage------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Guaranties as to person and property ------------------------------------------------- 28
Obligations of citizenship --------------------------------------------------------------- 29
I am an American ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
21. Definition of citizenship. Citizenship is that membership in a nation which includes full civil and political rights, subject to such limitations as may be imposed by the government thereof.
22. Origin of citizenship. Citizenship as we understand it to-day is the result of centuries of social, economic, and political experiments, in which improvement in human relations has slowly developed the idea of the benefits of governmental rules and restrictions for the protection of the rights of persons and property.
Ancient Greece was composed of a number of city states, each one independent of the other and conferring certain privileges upon its subjects. The greatest advantages of citizenship among these city states was conferred by the Athenians, limited, however, to native sons of native fathers and mothers, excluding from such privileges foreigners and slaves The Athenian idea of citizenship was philosophical rather than practical
It was loft to the Romans, in succeeding centuries, to develop the more practical phases of citizenship, i.e., safety of the Republic, public service, stern simplicity, devotion to duty.
Above all other duties and obligations was placed that of unselfish duty to the state It was this Roman virtue of loyalty to public duty, this devotion on the part of the citizen to the interest of the state, that, more than any other quality of the Roman character, helped to make Rome great.
Roman citizenship was confined to a privileged class, native or adopted. In the Anglo-Saxon races there was slowly developed the idea and ideals of self-government and of individual worth, in contrast with the earlier Greek and Roman domination of the state over the individual
Out of these experiments in government and human relations there has been evolved the ideals and principles of American citizenship.
23. Source of American citizenship. The source of American citizenship is found in the Constitution and subsequent Federal enactments.
24. Acquisition of American citizenship. American citizenship is acquired in two ways:
By birth.
By naturalization.
Birth. For 150 years following the first settlement of the American Colonies their inhabitants were citizens and subjects of a foreign power.
With the successful conclusion of tho Revolutionary War, terminating with the treaty of peace, 1783, all persons born in the United States before the Declaration of Independence could be regarded as American citizens.
By the civil rights act of 1866 it was provided that
All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States.
By the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution
All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof arc citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
It has been decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that the children of domiciled aliens born in the United States are citizens under the fourteenth amendment. This is also true of the children of alien parents ineligible to citizenship through naturalization.
Immigration and naturalization. Under the Constitution, Congress is given the power over both immigration and naturalization. In order to determine their fitness to enter the United States, each immigrant, on his arrival, is subjected to a physical and mental examination by officers of the Public Health Service. Under the immigration act the following classes of persons are excluded from entering the United States: Idiots. Insane. Epileptics.
Paupers and persons likely to become a public charge. Professional beggars. Persons suffering from tuberculosis or other dangerous or
loathsome contagious diseases.
Persons physically or mentally so defective as to be unable to making a living.
Persons convicted of a crime or misdemeanor involving moral
turpitude, Polygamists. Anarchists. Women or girls imported for immoral purposes and persons
aiding in their importation.
Contract laborers that is, those induced to migrate by offers or promise of employment or by agreement, except artists and professional men. Children under 16 years of age unaccompanied by their
parents. With certain exceptions no alien ineligible to citizenship is
admissible to the United States.
All aliens brought into the country in violation of the law are, if possible, immediately sent back to the country whence they came on the vessel bringing them, at the expense of the vessel owners.
There is also a heavy fine upon the transportation company or vessel owner for unlawfully introducing immigrants into the United States
Because of the great influx of nonassimilable people, which tended to lower American standards of living, and to better develop a homogenous body politic, Congress, in 1923, passed the immigration restriction act.
The abnormal immigration to America is shown in the census returns of 1900, 1910, and 1920, as follows:
1000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3,687,564
1910 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8,795,386
1920 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5,735,811
The law governing immigration provides that the annual quota from each country until July 1, 1927, is 2 per cent of the number of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in continental United States as shown by the 1890 census, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100.
The quota for each fiscal year thereafter will be based on a total immigration of 150,000.
The annual quota of any nationality for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1927, and for each fiscal year thereafter, shall be a number which bears the same ratio to 150,000 as the number of inhabitants in continental United States in 1920 having that national origin (ascertained as hereinafter provided in this section) bears to the number of inhabitants in continental United States in 1920, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100. Immigration laws, 1927.
Under the Articles of Confederation the power of naturalization was in the States, thereby creating confusion through the lack of uniformity in conferring citizenship.
The authority for naturalization is to be found in the Constitution and Federal laws.
The Constitution has accordingly, with great propriety * * * authorized the General Government to establish a uniform rule of naturalization throughout the United States. Madison.
Constitution, Article I, section 8, paragraph 4, fourteenth amendment.
Naturalization Laics.
Under the Constitution two methods of naturalization have grown up:
(1) By the general act of Congress conferring citizenship upon a whole class of persons, such as tribes of Indians, and the inhabitants of a new territory, like Hawaii, acquired by the United States.
(2) The general and more usual method is prescribed by the Revised Statutes, which requires the fulfillment of certain conditions before final admission into citizenship.
R. S. 3S1. Oath renouncing foreign allegiance and to support constitution and laws. He shall, before he is admitted to citizenship, declare on oath in open court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, and particularly by name to the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject; that he will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. June 29, 1906, ch. 3592, sec. 4. 34 Stat. 596.
R. S. 382. Evidence of residence, character, and attachments to principles of Constitution; evidence of witnesses. It shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court admitting any alien to citizenship that immediately preceding the date of his application he has resided continuously within the United States, five years at least, and within the State or Territory where such court is at the time held one year at least, and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. In addition to the oath of the applicant, the testimony of at least two witnesses, citizens of the United States, as to the facts of residence, moral character, and attachment to the principles of the Constitution shall be required, and the name, place of residence, and occupation of each witness shall be set forth in the record. June 29, 1906, ch. 3592, sec. 4, 34 Stat. 596.
25. No dual allegiance. Every alien should become a citizen in order that he may vote and hold office, and in all ways take an active part in developing, building and maintaining the Government national and local that protects him.
There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. Wo have room for but one flag, the American flag, and this excludes the red flag, which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as it excludes any foreign flag of a nation to which \ve are hostile.
We have room for one soul loyalty and that is loyalty to the American people. Roosevelt.
26. Dual citizenship. The Supreme Court declares that there are two kinds of citizenship, State and National.
Citizens of the United States residing in any State enjoy the rights of both State and United States citizenship.
In the protection thereof we look to the National Government if the source of such rights lies in the Constitution and laws of the United States; and to the State government if such rights are based upon the constitution and laws of the State.
Dual citizenship does not imply a divided allegiance. While a State commands allegiance of its citizens the paramount allegiance is to the Union.
Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Webster. 27. Right of suffrage. Under the Constitution, the National Government confers American citizenship, but it is left to the States to determine who may vote at both its own and national elections.
Constitution, Article I, section 8, paragraph 4; fourteenth and fifteenth amendments.
In America public opinion is the ultimate force of Government. It is the expression of the mind and conscience of the whole Nation, without respect to sectional or partisan alliances.
Under the Constitution, voting is the only means provided for the expression of public opinion it is the exercise of the will of the citizen in the protection of his rights.
28. Guaranties as to person and property. The United States is composed of 48 sovereign States, each State having its individual constitution and laws. Yet no State may discriminate against the rights and privileges of the citizen of any other State as to person or property. Among these guaranties are
Opportunity for education and individual improvement. Unrestricted possession of property.
Joint rights to interstate commerce, communication, and transportation. Public utilities.
Freedom of residence and choice of occupation.
Care or protection on the high sens or abroad through passport
privileges and international law.
29. Obligations of citizenship. Active citizenship is gained only by becoming an enfranchised citizen of a State. This carries with it the obligation of a clear understanding of the principles of government and the courage to demand that these principles be not abridged.
Andrew Jackson said that every good citizen makes his country's honor his own. and not only cherishes it as precious, but sacred.
Lincoln declared: "I must stand by anybody that stands right; stand with him while he is right; and part with him when he is wrong."
It is essential that the individual citizen
Exercise his right of franchise vote as his paramount duty
at all elections. Uphold the Constitution as the one assurance of the security
and perpetuation of the free institutions of America. Practice self-government to assure good government for all. Respect the rights of others, to assure the enjoyment of his
own.
Contribute to the maintenance of his Government by the payment of taxes.
Obey the law as the first essential to law enforcement. Place service to country above service to self. Conform his conduct to the best interests of society. The opportunities and privileges of the American citizen are limited only by his individual ability, his personal habits, and conformity to necessary legal regulations. It is your obligation to exercise
Care in your choice of occupation. Diligence in preparation for your task. Thrift to insure advancement and prosperity. Judgment in selection of companions. Integrity, honor, initiative, self-reliance, self-control. 80. I am an American. "I am an American" is a challenge to the highest ideals and aspirations of mankind; to self-sacrifice and devotion: to loyalty and patriotism; to joyful work and courageous achievement; to magnanimity and charity to all and malice to none; as we seek to uphold and perpetuate the principles of our great Republic.
I live an American; I shall die an American; and I intend to perform the duties incumbent upon me in that character to the end of my career. I mean
to do this with absolute disregard of personal consequences. What are the personal consequences? What is the individual man, with all the good or evil which may betide him, in comparison with the good or evil which may befall a great country, and in the midst of great transactions which concern that country's fate? Let the consequences be what they will. I am careless No man can suffer too much, no man fall too soon, if he suffer, or if he fall ill the defense of the liberties and Constitution of his country Daniel Webster. In the days of the Caesars "I am a Roman citizen" was a proud exultant declaration. It was protection. It was more it was honor and glory. Twenty centuries of advancing civilization have given to the declaration "I am an American" a higher and nobler place. It stands to-day in the forefront of earthly titles. It proclaims a sharing in the greatest opportunities. It is a trumpet call to the highest fidelity. It is the diploma of the world, the highest which humanity has to bestow Judge Brewer of the Supreme Court.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Define "citizenship."
Describe the development of the idea of "citizenship."
What is the source of "American citizenship"?
How is "American citizenship" acquired?
What is the status of the children of domiciled aliens born in the
United States?
Who has power over immigration and naturalization?
To what examination is the immigrant subjected on his arrival? What classes of persons are excluded from the United States by the Immigration Act? What disposition is made of immigrants belonging to the
restricted classes? To whom is the execution of the Immigration Laws entrusted ?
What was the significance of the immigration to America by the census returns of 1900, 1910, and 1920?
What has Congress done to limit immigration? Why? What is the source of the authority for naturalization? Explain the provision for naturalization under the Articles of Confederation. Under the Constitution. What is the attitude of the United States toward "dual
allegiance"?
Explain the meaning of "dual citizenship."
What is the function of "public opinion"?
Who has power over the right of suffrage?
What guaranties, as to person and property are provided the citizen by the Federal Government?
Name several obligations of citizenship.
Why ought an alien become a citizen?
Why should every citizen vote?
SECTION II LESSON 2. INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIPS
Paragraph
Development of civilization ------------------------------------------------------------ 31
Mutual relationships ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Community relationships ---------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Coordinated action. National relationships ------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Articles of Confederation.
Constitution.
Interstate commerce. International relationships -----------------------------.----------------------------- 35
The State Department. Beneficial to person and property ---------------------------------------------------- 36
Law: Uniform acceptance and observance. Beneficial to production ----------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Accumulation of capital.
Relations between management and men
Results in progress ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
A Nation of specialists ------------------------------------------------------------------ 39
Interdependence of capital, labor, and consumer ------------------------------------ 40
The telephone Public utilities ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Business. Beneficial to peace ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Unselfishness. Cosmopolitan character of population----------------------------------------------- 43
Full privileges of citizenship.
Resultant duties.
Class consciousness.
Immigrant not all problem. Our opportunity ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
31. Development of civilization. Civilization had its beginning in the establishment of the family, then in the grouping of families, tribes, states, and nations.
Through these various stages there was developed a crude order of society based primarily upon the will of an outstanding individual with power to enforce that will by control of physical forces and the means of livelihood. Thus was established the basis of society, imperfect in its form, inadequate in its results, yet containing the essential elements for refinement and progress, viz, social intercourse, protection, and advantages.
32. Mutual relationships. In the beginning, lacking means of communication and transportation and confining efforts principally to the production of mere necessities of life, individuals and groups lived largely independently of each other.
With increasing wants, the result of enlightened intellect, with increasing facilities in transportation and communication, with development of ability for invention and improvement, independence gave way to interdependence to such a degree that to-day the welfare of every individual is woven into the fabric of modern society.
33. Community relationships. If you destroy the dam builded by a colony of beavers, they set about its reconstruction, using the identical plan, method, and tools common to their species throughout all generations. Animal intelligence contains no quality that enables improvement beyond the inherited abilities or instincts of its kind. Herein lies the marked distinction between the highest type of animal and the lowest type of human intelligence.
Man possesses the ability to profit by the accomplishments of the past, to improve, and to develop. Upon this ability the development of past civilizations has depended. Upon this same ability the civilizations of the present and future are predicated. Out of this have grown community relationships established in ordered society upon the law of reason, supplanting the law of will, and ever increasing in its benefits to all, with the growing understanding of the rights and worth of the individual member of society.
Coordinated action. Coordinated group action has strength in so far as its members work together for the attainment of a common purpose the subordination of self for the good of all. Only by helping others can we help ourselves. "He profits most who serves best."
In the development of her strength, wealth, and accomplishments America is founded upon the establishment of successive communities bound together individually and collectively, by interdependent relationships created and coordinated in home, school, church, and local self-government, as expressed in town meetings in which each individual member contributed his part to that greatest of all forces by which the character of the people of our Nation is sustained and developed public opinion.
34. National relationships. In the development of our colonies the need of protection for person and property, of cooperation in the development of resources, of exchange of products and labor in the creation of comforts and wealth, of consolidated action in resisting oppression and establishing rights, created a national relation-
ship binding communities and States in a federation designed for the welfare of all.
Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles of Confederation, trade rivalries separated the new States from each other. There was an emphasis of State over National interests: One State lost its supply of cheap manufacturing material; industries suffered from want of coal, factories from lack of material, markets were limited; economic barriers were set up, no cooperation existed, exclusiveness prevailed.
Constitution. Grown now to a union of 48 States, working in a spirit of harmony and cooperation, restricted yet greatly benefited by our Constitution and statutes, we have come to be in point of wealth, attainment, and influence one of the outstanding nations of the world.
Under our Constitution the departments of government are set up for the express purpose of coordination and cooperation for the general welfare of the Nation.
Interstate commerce. Notwithstanding the sovereignty of each of the States composing our Union, great freedom is enjoyed as to residence, travel, trade, and property rights among their citizens which has developed an interstate commerce of tremendous volume and worth. ,
Commerce among the States embraces navigation, intercourse, communication, travel, the transit of persons, transmission of messages by telegraph. Justice Harlan.
Railways, air transports, postal service, telephones, telegraph, radiograms, help to unite the Nation by an exchange of goods or information, so that each citizen may know and profit by what the others are doing.
The Interstate Commerce Commission contributes to the development of "a more perfect union," which is an active association for cooperative effort. This commission touches the various interests of all of the people. Its benefits of regulations are in the interest of public necessities. It provides for a quick settlement of labor disputes affecting interstate trade and transportation, the control of which is lodged in the Federal Government. '
35. International relationships. In the development of those international relations which are in accord with the principles of interdependence, each nation must assume a larger responsibility and take a more active part in world affairs.
Due to the remarkable progress of civilization, isolation is no longer possible. International problems developing from ever-
changing economic and political conditions demand consideration and application of the principles of interdependent relationships as the means of securing the general welfare of mankind.
I demand that the Nation do its duty and accept the responsibility that must go with greatness. Roosevelt.
The State Department. The State Department is the "friendly relations department" of our Government; by treaties and diplomatic negotiations beneficent relationships with foreign counties are secured and insured, establishing a spirit of accord and amity without which it would not be possible to carry on our part in world affairs to the good of all concerned.
36. Beneficial to person and property. The efficacy of our Constitution lies in the fact that it contains a statement of fundamental purposes relating to human associations and plan for their accomplishment, susceptible of such interpretation as to make them applicable to changing conditions.
Among the purposes set forth in the Preamble to the Constitution are "domestic tranquillity" and "general welfare." The accomplishment of these purposes is based upon observance of the principles of interdependent relationships.
Law: Uniform acceptance and observance. The security of persons and property is one of the inherent rights of mankind. It is guarded and guided by statutory laws, uniform in their restrictions and benefits, so that every citizen is fully protected in his rights.
Uniform laws are valuable in their benefits in proportion to uniform acceptance and observance. May a man have complete personal liberty? May a man do as he pleases? He may provided he is not a member of organized society. To attempt such action as a citizen constitutes him an outlaw in such ratio as his independence interferes with the rights of others and breaks down the structure of government. All crime is, ignorantly or wilfully, a violation of the principle of interdependent relationships.
Experience has revealed the necessity for united action to assure the greatest protection to the individual. Neither in person nor property will the individual find security without the assistance of his neighbor, community, State, and Nation. The higher the value we place upon human life and welfare, and the greater our accumulation of property, the more we must rely upon interdependent relationships based upon justice and inspired by mutual confidence and reciprocal endeavor.
37. Beneficial to production. Industry is essentially the subjection of natural forces the manipulation of natural material to the
uses of mankind; it brings into action the worker, the engineer, the inventor, the organizer, the administrator, the combined energies of whom are liberated and set in motion by finance.
Accumulation of capital. Thrift is the foundation stone of effective economic interdependence. The individual must practice frugality, engage in hard work, and acquire the habit of wise spending so living within his means as to enable a saving of a portion of the product of his labor.
In industry wealth is the product of saving; it is secured in part by the elimination of waste and the corresponding conservation of materials and labor practiced by both individuals and groups, and saving or the accumulation of capital is as much the duty of the employee as of the employer.
Relations between management and men. To derive the greatest value from interdependent relationship between employer and employee there must be created a spirit of good will and cooperation in which there is a recognition of mutual worth and mutual responsibility.
The atmosphere surrounding the relationship between management and men must eliminate fear, apprehension, and uncertainty. Only by the establishment of mutual understanding, confidence, and respect can effective cooperation and teamwork be secured. That employee renders best service who has an intelligent understanding of the relation of his part to the whole.
88. Results in progress. Bound together by the ties of common interest and mutual benefits, society has advanced from
The crude hieroglyphic to the printed page. The smoke signal of the Indian to the radio. The tallow candle to the electric light. The hollowed log canoe to the Leviathan. The ox-drawn prairie schooner to the airplane.
89. A Nation of specialists. We are a Nation of specialists because experience has taught us that greater benefits will accrue to one and all through each individual learning to do one thing well.
The physician looks after our health. The teacher gives instruction. The farmer grows the grain. The lawyer attends to legal matters.
Others specialize in providing all the comforts and conveniences of home.
No one citizen builds his own house, manufactures the plumbing equipment, generates the electricity, constructs the heating plant, or
provides the fuel for its operation. He does not pave the street, put in his own waterworks, provide police and fire protection, establish his own school, church, hospital, or theater.
40. Interdependence of capital, labor, and consumer. Individual necessities, comforts, and conveniences as now enjoyed are the product of accumulated capital and labor, represented in modern organization, transportation, great factories, distant farms, tropical plantations, the trappers of the frozen northlands, tho fishermen of the seas, and delivered daily to our homes by an army of tradesmen who administer, to our wants and are in turn dependent upon us for their livelihood.
The telephone. No better illustration of interdependence can be found than in the story of that all-necessary convenience, the telephone) It is difficult to imagine the diversified labor, the problems of transportation, the world-wide accumulation of materials, and the tremendous outlay of capital required in the manufacture of this marvelous instrument which receives and transmits the human voice regardless of distance.
Men toiling in the mica mines of India, in the platinum fields of the Ural Mountains, in the forests and jungles of far-off Asia, Africa, and South America, in the great forests of the Northwest, in the iron, copper, and lead mines, and the great steel works of the United States, produce the materials that go into the making of your telephone and the exchange controls.
The following raw materials, gathered literally from the four corners of the world, are used: Platinum, gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, steel, tin, lead, aluminum, nickel, brass, rubber, mica, silk, cotton, asphalt, shellac, paper, carbon.
With the assembling of raw materials, and their fabrication in great factories into the completed instrument, there is added the work of organization and administration required in obtaining capital, franchises, building lines and conduits, installation of switchboards, and training personnel. Your telephone call to all points of the compass is made possible by these materials and the labor of nearly1400,000 employees in the United States alone.
41, Public utilities. Public utilities corporations build great hydroelectric plants in one State for distribution of power to many. Coal, copper, iron ore are mined and transported to places of greatest advantage to industry. Railroad, telegraph, and telephone companies invest billions of dollars in properties and conduct their affairs to the benefit and profit of the Nation. Great dams are constructed and the desert lands of many States made fruitful by
the vast irrigation systems treated. Capital is consolidated and labor employed, farms enriched, cities builded, and our citizens bound together in one cooperative, prosperous, happy union by the magic power of interdependent relationships.
Business. Business, to insure success, must keep in closest touch with the ever changing affairs of social, economic, and political conditions. Vast sums of money are spent on new products, improved equipment, research laboratories, inventions, in creating new appetites and new markets.
42. Beneficial to peace. In America a degree of independence is developed out of which is born the idea in the minds of many that a citizen of the United States may be a law unto himself, retaining, however, the disposition to regulate the other fellow. If he does not like the law he seeks a way to evade it, at the same time shouting vociferously over the increase of crime and the lessened influence of our courts. He demands the highest wages obtainable and complains at the prices he must pay for the product of his fellow laborer. He insists upon his right to independence and liberty, yet is ever ready to restrict such action on the part of others. That citizen who has not developed the spirit of cooperation, understanding and tolerance is at war with his fellow man.
The unity of good men is a basis on which the security of our internal peace and the establishment of our Government may safely rest. It will always prove an adequate rampart against the vicious and disorderly. Washington.
Unselfishness. Every American citizen must guard against the spirit of selfishness, the inordinate desire for material gain, the temptation to live beyond his means, and the tendency to find the easiest way to obtain the most in satisfying his constantly increasing wants.
Honesty individual and collective, national and international inspiring confidence wherein there is neither room for trickery nor unfair practices is the basis of the principle of interdependent relationships. Such honesty rests not so much upon legal rights as upon the Golden Rule.
43. Cosmopolitan character of population. The United States in her philosophy of self-determination emphasizes the ideas and ideals of human rights and human associations. In the fulfillment of this policy she opened wide her gates to the peoples of the earth, inviting them to share with her the blessings of liberty.
Somewhat less than half the racial stock of America's 108,000,000 white inhabitants are of British blood. Of the 95,000,000 whites,
in 1920, 14,000,000 were born in foreign countries and 23,000,000 were of foreign or mixed parentage. There are 1,672.000 Germans, 1,600,000 Italians, 1,250,000 Russians, 500,000 Czechoslovakians, 465,000 Austrians, 370,000 Hungarians. There are 1,500,000 foreign born over 10 years of age unable to speak the English language. This foreign population supports over 1,000 newspapers published in 30 different languages.
There are no more untapped racial reserves.
Full privileges of citizenship. The immigrant to America is particularly favored under the laws of the United States. Before the native-born youth can exercise the right of franchise he must live under the influence of our system of Government, acquire his education, and enlarge it through associations and experience for a period of 21 years from his birth to his majority. It is possible for the immigrant (18 years or over), subject to certain restrictions to issuance of first papers, with little education, without that knowledge of our Government, association and experience, obtained only through years of residence, to have granted to him the full privileges of citizenship five years after his arrival.
Resultant duties. In return for the opportunities and privileges established through her own sacrifices and paid for with the enormous exactions of treasure and human life, she expects and has the right to demand that those who accept her hospitality shall respect her principles that those who elect to live in the security and comfort of her homes and institutions shall give due honor and award full allegiance to her Constitution and shall in no instance, either by choice or through ignorant acquiescence, seek to despoil the land in which were bred freedom, equality, and opportunity.
The cosmopolitan character of the population of America emphasizes the burden which rests upon every citizen to become fully informed in the underlying principles and ideals of our republican form of Government.
Class consciousness. Class consciousness and class activity is the result largely of the intrusion of ideas of government entirely outside of the fixed principles set forth in our Constitution and should be no more tolerated in our country than we would expect our principles, if introduced by expatriated Americans, to be accepted by another nation.
Immigrant not all problem. The immigrant is not all problem. He has been one of the outstanding assets in the development of America. Slowly, but surely, there is being assimilated and amalgamated in this country the bloods of practically all nations, in the
development of a racial stock of exceptional worth in 'its vigor, ability, and character.
44. Our opportunity. One of our greatest problems is the education, assimilation, and amalgamation of these various and numerous foreign groups into an understanding, harmonious, loyal, and upstanding American citizenship.
To this and succeeding generations is given the opportunity to develop from our homogeneous character an outstanding race expressive of the highest principles, ideals, and traditions to which a God-loving, humanity-loving, liberty-loving people can aspire. To accomplish this great work there must be a composition of all differences which tend to create class consciousness and class hatreds. Tolerance, born of knowledge, understanding, respect, sympathy, and harmony, engendered by the spirit of a common cause and purpose, are essential in the interpretation of the principles of interdependent relationships.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Why did independence give way to interdependence? In what did it result?
Upon what has the development of civilization always depended?
What is the value of coordinate action ?
State some of the principal causes that led to the creation of national relationships.
How did trade rivalry under the Articles of Confederation separate the new States from each other?
In what way was this situation changed by the Constitution?
How does interstate commerce assure a more perfect union?
How did railways, postal service, telephones, telegraph, and radio help to unite the Nation ?
What is the attitude of the United States toward the problem of international relations?
What is the principal duty of the State Department?
In our complex civilization, may any individual live in complete independence?
Could any State maintain itself upon its own resources? Explain.
How are "domestic tranquillity" and "general welfare" accomplished ?
In what way does the individual find security in person and property ?
What relations between management and men are essential to successful production?
What are some of tho results in human progress that have been caused by the ties of common interest and mutual benefit?
What led the United States to become a nation of specialists?
Describe the interdependence of capital, labor, and consumer.
In what way does the telephone illustrate the principle of interdependence? Business? Public utilities?
What is the foundation of peace and prosperity?
What principal race stocks have contributed to American life?
How?
What is the duty of America to our cosmopolitan population?
Is patriotism wholly selfish ?
SECTION III
LESSON 3. CHARACTER, THE GREATEST ASSET OF
AMERICA
Paragraph
The greatest asset of America ------------------------------------------------------- 45
Cooperation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Character ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
National character --------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
The ideals of the American colonists.
Community life, church, and town meeting.
The pioneer spirit.
Tenacity of purpose.
Experimental self-government. Individual character ------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
Moral worth.
Deeds an expression of character.
Public spirit.
No collective morality.
Desire for education and religion.
Foundation of character.
Daily performance necessary. Physical character --------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Great resources.
Developed by pioneers.
Visions become realities.
Spirit of improvement and invention.
Success possible to every citizen. Ethical character ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
Confidence.
High standards of commercial life.
Spirit of cooperation and compromise.
No class domination.
Spirit of benevolence.
Not materialistic. Political character -------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
Diplomacy.
45. The greatest asset of America. Diversity of opinion as to what is America's greatest asset creates a discussion which leads into every section and every activity of our country. Each individual is governed by the interest that lies closest to his heart.
The doctor declares: "The greatest asset of America is found in our medical schools, hospitals, and our great accomplishments in
saving life and insuring the health of our people, for without health there could be no other great achievement."
The teacher asserts: "Our common-school system, our colleges, universities, and our press constitute our greatest asset, for without education industry would stop and our Government disintegrate."
The captain of industry states: "Industry is our greatest asset. What would America be without New England, New York, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Chicago, and the thousands of other industrial centers giving employment to millions while they supply the needs of the world?"
Likewise the inventor, the chemist, the scientist, each makes the claim that the fruit of his labor is the greatest asset of America, for what great things in America would have been possible without the creative genius ?
The farmer insists that the doctor, the teacher, the industrialist, the scientist, and all the others would not get very far if he failed for a single season to provide the means for clothing and food to him the greatest asset of America.
They all are right; there are elements of greatness in all the varied endeavors of bur country, the coordination of which has brought prosperity and wealth in such measure as to make us envied of all people.
46. Cooperation. Forty-eight States, extended between the Atlantic and the Pacific, independent, self-governing Commonwealths, rich in resources, engaged in their own affairs; congested industrial areas of our great cities, pouring out their products to the enrichment of the Nation; millions of farmers providing food and clothing; teachers, preachers, merchants, laborers, lawyers, and clerks, contributing their part; all are working together in the spirit of cooperation.
47. Character. What unites a people composed of all the racial stocks of the world? What composes our differences, harmonizes our relationships? What inspires confidence, insures credit, and promotes organization? What, in the last analysis, guarantees protection of person and property, gives assurance of peace and prosperity, and inspires America to greater adventures and larger achievements?
The answer is not to be found in the sum of all her natural resources, factories, farms, homes, schools, hospitals, and churches. These are created by man and by man can be destroyed.
The security of our property, the continuation of our institutions, the increase of our possessions and the perpetuity of the principles
of individual rights, justice, and freedom, the observance of which has made America, lie in character the greatest asset of America.
48. National character. The ideals of the American colonists. The national character of America is grounded in the Puritan stock of the early colonies. From these original settlers, numbering in 1640 a total of 26,000, there has descended to the present time nearly one-fourth of our total population. Up to 50 years ago their descendants and immigrants from the same racial stock composed over 80 per cent of our population.
The outstanding traits of their stalwart characters were defined in the commonplace affairs of their daily lives. They made no play for heroics, were not primarily seekers of fame nor fortune. Lovers of liberty, they boldly fought to maintain their rights: Their dominant trait was the worship of God, a God to be feared, yet a God of justice. A God who punished, yet a God who loved. Bigoted and narrow to the verge of superstition, intolerant of all faiths save their own, they builded a character which to following generations will ever prove their richest heritage.
A stern will born and bred of necessity, hard as the "stern and rock-bound coast" near which they lived, deep and cold as the seas that beat upon their rugged shores, they knew no compromise with duty it must be done. No easy way was sought nor excuse accepted for duty unperformed.
Community life, church, and town meeting. They established schools, churches, and town meetings, always dominated and often ruled with the iron rod of church authority. In time, bigoted religious intolerance gave way to religious liberty, yet not with the slightest change in the high standards of moral and spiritual rectitude required of every member of the community.
Possessing pride of race, proud of their ancestry, they inspired in the hearts of their children a reverence and respect for family and race which left no room for lax conduct or easy habits. Severely disciplined within their homes, carefully supervised in their education, the children were taught the obligation of participation in community affairs and were obliged to submit to the severe restrictions imposed by their elders through the laws enacted by the local town meeting.
The restrictions of these laws and the severity of punishment imposed for the slightest infraction are cause for astonishment in these days of easy morals and lax law observance, yet their value as conducive to upright living, strict morals, and honest endeavor is strikingly evidenced by the pronounced influence of the New England
community, the church and town meeting, in molding the national character of America.
The New England town was founded for and grouped about the church, which was the clubhouse of the time. But the glory of the New England town was its town meeting, a combination of neighborhood, society, caucus, legislature, and council meeting. This was the most successful political institution of the time, served as a private school in debate, and a nursery of American statesmen. National Ideals Historically Traced A. B. Hart.
The pioneer spirit. In defining the character of America we find one trait so strong and pronounced as to manifest itself in every period and department of our national development the "pioneer spirit."
Mixed motives inspired immigration to America. Regardless of why they came, the spirit of the pioneer seemed quickly to possess them with its urgent demand to go forth and conquer the wilderness. In that spirit the New England pioneers, and those from the Middle Colonies and the South, peopled in succession the States beyond the Alleghenies and the Cumberlands, advancing by successive steps until they reached the boundaries of the continent.
The pioneer from New England and his cousins, the Scotch-Irish in Virginia and North Carolina, loved a struggle. To them the wilderness held no terror too great nor hardship too severe to hold them back. Life was a joyful adventure and the dangers were enticing. Life held the stern duty of making provision for family and posterity. Life was work, and the great forests were there to be cleared. Life was full of promise; there were the vast free lands theirs for the taking. Life was the gift of God and. never forgetting, they set the stamp of their God-fearing character upon each succeeding community, in school, church, and local government.
People from New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South, flowed together to form neighboring or joint communities, and thus varied the Colonial farmer typo. This mixed population produced interesting combinations of local government; Michigan, settled largely by New England people, set up the town meeting ; in Illinois, first reached by southerners, the county system was established in 1818, and later an option was allowed between town and county. National Ideals Historically Traced A. B. Hart.
Tenacity of purpose. The very compelling forces of hardship, privation, danger, and isolation bred a spirit of unrestrained freedom which has had a pronounced influence in forming our national character. Compelled to rely upon individual effort in providing and protecting his means of livelihood, the early American quickly acquired the knowledge of individual rights and the determination to
maintain them. What was his, won by honest toil or by right of discovery, he was ever ready to defend against all odds.
Their tenacity in what they undertook has never been surpassed by any people, not even the Romans.
I remember that half the Plymouth colonists died the first winter, and that in the spring, when the long waiting Mayflower sailed again homeward, not one of the fainting survivors went with her and I glory in that unflinching fortitude, * * * our stiffest muscle is limp and loose beside the unyielding grapple of their tough wills Doctor Storrs.
This tenacity went far in possessing and saving to America the whole region west of the Mississippi River. The future welfare of the Nation, the preservation of representative government, and the principles for which it stands lie largely to-day within the hands of the citizens of the West, for into that section has traveled the center of our population, and there is to be found over one-half of the descendants of our Colonial forefathers.
Experimental self-government. Our national character is emphasized in our ability to govern ourselves. Such ability did not develop over night; neither can it be acquired for the asking. No other nation has attained self-government in equal measure with the United States. The Colonies struggled 150 years before they had established a sufficient foundation to take the step that led to the "Great Experiment."
Our present form of government would never have been possible without this long period of preparation, involving study, experience, mistakes, and a growing measure of success, exemplified in the wise legislation inaugurated by several of the colonies, and in the increasing spirit of independence prior to the War of the Revolution. Success was made possible due to the collective fitness of the colonials for the task of self-government.
The colonial was "a good farmer, an excellent schoolmaster, a very respectable preacher, a capital lawyer, a sagacious physician, an able editor, a thriving merchant, a shrewd peddler, and a most industrious tradesman," able to comprehend the full measure of human associations. Hence, with these qualifications, when independence was Avon, a committee of chosen representatives called to the arduous task of revising the Articles of Confederation, found within themselves a collective knowledge which enabled them to produce that document, the Constitution of the United States, which, Mr. Gladstone said, "is the greatest piece of work ever struck off in a given time by the brain and purpose of man." 49. Individual character. Moral worth. In the discussion of moral worths, it is primarily true that we weigh and evaluate the
actions of the individual. However, individual acts do not form a haphazard aggregate of unrelated deeds', for back of the act are dominant principles that assure a certain continuity in human action. With knowledge of the temperament and trend of mind of a given man, his action under given circumstances may be fairly predicted, due to the fact that behind the shifting play of emotions found in the mental life of everyone there is a background of permanent emotional associations and processes which change slowly, if at all. This stable background of the moral life is character.
Deeds an expression of character. Upon groat impulse one may commit an act foreign to his nature. However, in the long run of life, his deeds are an expression of his character. We base our estimate of character upon known performance; we catalogue the individual as good, bad, reliable, unstable, trustworthy, worthless. His worth to society is assessed. We judge what measure of reliance can be placed in him; how far he may be trusted; wherein lies his weakness, and wherein his greatest strength.
Public spirit. The secret of the remarkable progress of America in the first 100 years of constitutional government lies in the fact that her public-spirited men were striving to put the best into government, not to take the most out of it.
No collective morality. In the very nature of our Government, the responsibility for its social, economic, and political standards rests absolutely upon the character of its individual citizens. There can be no collective morality, integrity, honor, that is not the sum of the principles of the individuals of the community, State, or Nation. If the majority are mercenary, the character of the Nation will be ruthless. If the growing tendency to irreligious thought persists, the Nation will become irresponsible.
Desire for education and religion. Desire is, perhaps, the greatest force in the determination of individual character. It overrules the handicaps of environment, poverty, and physical defects. It asks no favor of race, creed, or color. It has no determinate end. Its power is to ennoble or debase "As a man thinketh in his heart,
so is he."
The desire of our forefathers for education and religion, intensified with each succeeding generation by the ever-increasing facilities for intellectual development, has fixed the American character upon a high plane of moral worth and honorable attainment.
Knowledge is being extended with a rapidity and scope never before known in human history. By the magic of the facilities of modern communication, its voice is carried to the uttermost coiners
of the earth, challenging the present generation to newer and greater fields of adventure and achievement. The right to education is our heritage, established by our forefathers, guaranteed by the law of the land, enriched by our free institutions.
Notwithstanding this privilege illiterates form a large proportion of our electorate. The National Education Association tells us that 4,300,000 illiterate citizens were qualified to vote in the last presidential election. Over 4,000.000 ignorant voters, unable to read any discussion of issues or candidates!
The last census disclosed that 1,400,000 children between the ages of 7 and 13 years were not in school during the period from September 1, 1919, to January 1, 1920.
Because of universal suffrage, the modern complexity of our national life, and the acknowledged principles of the right of private judgment an open-mindedness receptive of the revelation of truth, a "thoughtful" citizenry is necessary.
On the diffusion of education among the people rests the preservation and perpetuity of our free institutions. Daniel Webster.
Foundation of character. The character of the individual and the Nation is founded upon religion and education which, united with that force we call "will," give to every individual the means for high attainment.
Submitting yourself to these impelling influences, resourcefulness and unconquerable energy take command. By their power you win self-mastery. The joy of work becomes a reality. Labor is dignified by the pride of accomplishment. Obstacles and handicaps are but a challenge to greater effort. Discipline becomes self-imposed.
Religion laid the foundations of our American Government. It neither seeks nor claims any justification for its existence save righteousness. It had its beginning. it found its inspiration, in the religions beliefs of the men who settled our country, made it an independent Nation, and maintained its institutions and laws. If it is to endure it will be through the support of men of like mind and like character. President Coolidge. ,
Daily performance necessary. Expressed in terms of unselfish devotion to ideals, our attitude to others, our sense of responsibility, our willingness to give full service, loyal cooperation, our faithfulness to each other, and our reverence for religion, embodied in the daily performance of every task, "character" is the greatest asset of America.
50. Physical character. Great resources. Napoleon asked Talleyrand, "What is America?" To which reply was made, "It
is a body without bones." An American adds: " The bones have been developed, and they are bones of steel."
Possessed of a raw continent, millions of square miles in area, composed of boundless prairies, vast forests, mighty rivers, great plains, and rugged mountains, containing fertile soil, rich natural resources in minerals, timber, and water power, the American, lacking tools, supplies, and capital, was forced by the very nature of his task and environment to a life of hard labor, long hours of toil, frugal living, and self-dependence with attending hardships and dangers. Out of these combined conditions was developed a type of hardy pioneer unequaled in the history of mankind.
Developed by pioneers. In her commercial life America has stepped boldly forth to the great task set before her. Slowly at first, groping her way along great rivers and through deep forests, she began the work of conquering the wilderness, which won as the fruit of her enterprise, first, the full possession of this great domain, and then, for her 300 years of toil, the greatest treasure house among the nations of the earth.
Visions become realities. Forced to work by the very necessity of finding the means of existence, accepting danger and hardship, privation and suffering as a part of the task, America gave herself to creating material wealth.
Gaining strength and wisdom with succeeding years, America has builded achievement upon achievement. No enterprise has been too great for her aggressive spirit. Her dreams and visions have become realities by the force of her will and the magic of her creative ability.
Spirit of improvement and invention. Ever willing to adopt new ideas, to develop and improve, to tear down and rebuild, to scrap the machine of yesterday for the improved equipment of to-day, opportunity was never neglected to find a better way to do a larger business.
Success possible to every citizen. Driven first by necessity, the joy of accomplishment became the spur to greater achievements. The way to comfort, to competency, to wealth was open and free to every citizen, limited alone by individual ability, courage, and determination. Out of great opportunity, with freedom to all, there has been bred a race of men and women of sterling character and outstanding independence.
51. Ethical character. Confidence. American business is based upon the character of its people. J. Pierpont Morgan used to say he banked more on a man's character than on his money. Char-
acter is the basis of confidence. Confidence is the basis of credit. Credit, above any other element, is the source of stability in commercial life. Our building industry, amounting to hundreds of millions annually, is dependent upon borrowed capital from the time of the first drafted plan to completion of each structure. The vast commercial enterprises of the United States are made possible by our system of credit based upon confidence in the integrity of the people.
The ethical character of our commercial relations is based upon respect for and confidence in the nobler things of life and the unfailing observance of business ethics.
High standards of commercial life. America is a nation of corporations. Every enterprise of any consequence is incorporated. Founders or owners of a given business invite employee and public to share the risk and the profit. The workingman as a shareholder is rapidly becoming a capitalist; in number they have increased to several million and their investments are assuming astonishing proportions. By this means, adjustments of differences between capital and labor are becoming easier as differences arise. The employer in recognizing the employee as a fellow man and not as a commodity opens the door to mutual understanding and square dealing.
As a stockholder, the employee feels the interest and responsibility of a partner. Greater attention is paid to the work, quality is improved, waste eliminated, and profits increased to the mutual advantage of all. The fact that labor is being less exploited and more fairly treated with each succeeding year is not only indicative of economic evolution but also a marked evidence of the high character common to our commercial life.
Spirit of cooperation and compromise. One of the most encouraging signs of continued prosperity in America is the constantly growing tendency toward compromise and cooperation in the affairs of capital and labor, based upon mutual confidence. Such differences as are bound to arise are, as a rule, disposed of to the general good of all.
No class domination. No class is permitted to dominate in America. Public opinion, which is always representative of public character, will not permit the assumption of power. Whether it be capital, labor, farmer, group, or section, public character in its dominant sense of fair dealing defeats the effort to acquire unfair advantage.
Spirit of benevolence. Nothing is more characteristic of modern American life than the pouring out of private wealth for public service. Nowhere are so many philanthropic agencies at work.
There is that in American democracy which creates the spirit of public service through gifts to the public.
In respect to aid and contributions in world disasters America is one of the first in the field of distress and one of the last to leave.
Not materialistic. The Old World, looking upon the intense activity of this New World, seeing us ever engrossed in material affairs, with little time for leisure, even making hard work of our play in our overanxiety to win at any game, whether it be work or play, has scoffed at our lack of art, literature, and culture and called us a nation of dollar chasers.
Our justification for our so-called gross materiality lies in the fact that we were a new nation new in a wilderness to be conquered; new in a land without homes, towns, or cities, without schools or churches, without transportation or communication. Under these circumstances there was neither occasion nor opportunity to write music, paint pictures, or sculpture in marble. Our music was in the sweet, sonorous song of the mighty forests and the rushing streams; our pictures were painted daily in the mists of the morning and the waving fields of grain. Our monuments and memorials were carved from virgin forests, builded in great cities, in rambling farmhouses set in emerald fields. We were kept too busy providing the necessities of life to find time for the finer accomplishments.
Now, lasting monuments depicting the strength, the majesty, and the beauty of our country are being erected; our large and well-kept parks are ornamented with beautiful sculptures; our colleges, universities, and institutions of music and art are comparable with those of any other part of the world; our public galleries and museums possess priceless works of art.
52. Political character. Diplomacy. America is slowly ret surely winning the confidence of the nations of the world. The desire to arbitrate rather than resort to armaments has distinguished America in her international policy, desiring to adjust all differences within the principles of justice and equity. Her commercial treaties are written in terms of square dealing. Backed by the guaranty of the American character, her obligations and her dollars are eagerly accepted wherever they may be offered.
QUESTIONNAIRE
What is the result of the coordination of the "varied endeavors" of our country?
In what manner has the spirit of cooperation influenced the development of America ?
Upon what does the perpetuity of our fundamental principles depend?
What are the main elements in the Puritan character?
What place in our early colonial life was occupied by the "town meeting"? What was its later influence?
State the chief characteristics of the pioneer.
Upon what is our estimate of character based ?
What was the secret of our remarkable progress in the first 100 years of the constitutional Government ?
What depends upon the character of our individual citizens?
Name several factors upon which our national character is based.
Why is religion an essential characteristic of the American people?
Are all American citizens educated? Explain.
How does public education affect American political institutions?
Why, under our form of government, is a "thoughtful" citizenry necessary ?
In what manner is the gospel of hard work related to the American character ?
Upon what is the ethical character of our commercial relations based?
To what is the success of our vast commercial enterprises due?
Why is the spirit of benevolence characteristic of America?
Is America materialistic ? Explain.
In what is the political character of America expressed?
SECTION IV
LESSON 4. GREAT AMERICANS AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS
Paragraph
The value of biography --------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Fields of achievement ----------------------------------------------------------------- 54
George Washington ------------------------------------------------------------------ 55
Military leadership.
Political leadership.
Farewell address.
The Nation's gratitude. Benjamin Franklin -------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
Printer, publisher, philanthropist.
Scientist.
Political philosopher.
Diplomat.
Member of Constitutional Convention. John Marshall -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
Soldier.
Member of assembly.
Ratification of the Constitution.
Member of Congress.
Interpretation of the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson----------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Declaration of Independence.
President of the United States.
Louisiana Purchase.
Achievements. Daniel Webster ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Tampering with the Constitution.
Representative government.
Reply to Hayne. Abraham Lincoln ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Limited education.
Handicaps.
Lawyer.
Preservation of the Union.
The nation incarnate. The winning of the West ------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Northwest Territory.
Slow development.
Daniel Boone.
Settlement of Kentucky.
George Rogers Clark --------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Military expeditions.
His monument. Lewis and Clark -------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
The expedition.
Claim of United States to territory established.
The new country. Rev. Marcus Whitman ---------------------------------------------------------------- 04
Western emigration
Sterling qualities of racial stock.
Boundary adjustment. Gen John C. Frιmont ----------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Exploration of the Southwest.
Mexican War.
A contemporary.
Territorial acquisition. Eli Whitney, a pioneer of modern industry ---------------------------------------- 66
Invention of cotton gin.
Development of cotton industry.
Influence on country.
Interchangeability of mechanical parts. Robert Fulton, a pioneer of steam navigation -------------------------------------- 67
Other inventors.
Legislative grant
The "submarine."
The Clermont.
Progress in water transportation. Samuel F. B. Morse, a pioneer of modern communication ---------------------- 68
Opening of the Erie Canal.
Invention of the telegraph
Appropriation from Congress.
Improvement and amplification. Capt. John Ericsson, pioneer of the modern battleship -------------------------- 69
The Monitor.
The navy and merchant marine
Maj. Walter Reed, conqueror of yellow fever ------------------------------------- 70
Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas, conqueror of malaria ---------------------------- 71
53. The value of biography. The history of any nation, in its ideals and achievements, its motives and spirit, invariably reflects the character of its leaders. The stories of the lives and accomplishments of its great men are the windows through which is revealed the soul of the nation.
The biographies of the leaders of America should be carefully studied as the means of best understanding the controlling factors in the development of our country in any given period. In these stories are revealed the combat of minds, the clash of opinions, the cunning of politicians, the ruthlessness of self-seekers, and the saving
forces of those dominant leaders who inspired the people to follow them in the establishment of the ideals out of which have been created the splendid achievements of our people.
In the lives of our great men are to be found the elements of righteousness, courage, justice, unselfish devotion to duty, self-reliance, initiative, and stubborn determination, the ingredients from which was brewed the virile, aggressive, and generous spirit of America. With each succeeding period of our progress in government, industry, agriculture, education, medical science, we have had the leadership of men and women devoted to public service with little thought of personal gain.
In this spirit our Government was established. They who had power to assume control dared to commit that control to a free people, knowing that the ideals of liberty, justice, and individual right had been indelibly stamped upon the very souls of their countrymen.
In like spirit succeeding generations have responded to the call of their leaders for the preservation of our Nation. Creative and destructive forces are in eternal conflict. The experience of the past gives us wisdom to accomplish the tasks of the present. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
64. Fields of achievement. The ideals and accomplishments of our great Americans were to establish a government that was fit to be intrusted with all the powers that a free people ought to delegate to any government as the safe and proper depository of national interests, controlled not by the passions but by the reason of the people, to develop the natural resources of the country, and to open up the way of opportunity to all.
However, great Americans have not confined their achievements to the field of government and protection of our institutions Many of the great industries, much of medical science, communication, and transportation found first expression in the keen minds of our pioneers. In the biographies of these men are incidents as thrilling, full of daring, and productive of rich achievements as are revealed in the lives of the mighty army who conquered the wilderness and won for the United States in succession the Colonies, the Northwest Territory, Louisiana, the Oregon country, Texas, California, and the great Southwest.
55. George Washington. This noble first citizen of America is the outstanding character in the history of our country. From his early youth he demonstrated those qualities of leadership which, with the experience gained in his great achievements, made him the dominant personality of his time.
Military leadership. At the early age of 23 years he was placed in command of the Virginia Rangers. He became the hero of General Braddock's ill-fated campaign against the French and Indians. After General Braddock's failure to accept his advice, which caused his death and the defeat of his troops, it was the superior ability of Washington which saved the British from rout and possible annihilation. As commander in chief of the Continental Army, he took command of a disorganized, undisciplined yet loyal body of raw provincials. Ragged and starved, half frozen, and poorly equipped, by the force of his character he brought them to a condition of training and discipline that gave final success to the Colonial cause.
By the charm and strength of his personality he won the admiration and enthusiastic support of the great German general, Von Steuben; the brilliant Frenchman, Count de La Fayette; and the gallant Pole. Kosciusko.
Political leadership. The conclusion of the war found General Washington so exalted in the hearts of his countrymen as to make him the virtual ruler of the new nation, created largely through his military genius and indomitable will. Foregoing all personal ambitions other than that of molding a free people into an enduring nation, he gave himself with equal faithfulness to the work of peace and orderly government.
Serving without pay in all his public career, his life of unselfish devotion rightfully won for him the title of "Father of His Country." When charged by an unfriendly Congress with usurpation of power, he replied: "A character to lose, an estate to forfeit, the inestimable blessings of liberty at stake, and a life devoted, must be my excuse."
Inspired by the influence of his character and his qualities of statesmanship, such men as Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, Randolph, King, Marshall, Monroe, and the venerable Franklin addressed themselves with him to the task of constructing a new government, which in the following generations was destined to become an ever-growing memorial to their wisdom and patriotic devotion to the ideals and rights of humanity.
Farewell address. The wisdom, sagacity, and vision of Washington gave the United Colonies a republican rather than a democratic form of government. In the almost inspired words of his "Farewell Address" in the framing of which he undoubtedly had the assistance of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, two of the finest minds of that period he gave counsels concerning the pitfalls which have destroyed other popular governments of history.
As far as these counsels have been observed the Nation has enjoyed peace, prosperity, and happiness.
The Nation's gratitude. George Washington, born February 22, 1782, died September 14, 1799. Within the scope of his 67 years he was surveyor, farmer, soldier, statesman, commander in chief of the Continental Army, and twice President of the United States of America.
More than to any other, we owe our everlasting debt of gratitude to George Washington for American independence and the Constitution of the United States.
58. Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin manifested the qualities characteristic of the American. Genius he possessed, but it was the genius of hard work. He was a self-made man. At the age of 17 years, he came from Massachusetts to Philadelphia, which became his lifelong residence.
Printer, publisher, philanthropist. A journeyman printer by trade, he ultimately became the author and printer of Poor Richard's Almanac, a publication of homely philosophy which contains many gems of wisdom and good advice as applicable to-day as in his time. Franklin was identified with the Pennsylvania Gazette. He founded the Saturday Evening Post, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia Public Library. He was the first postmaster general of the Colonies.
Scientist. With all these activities he still found time to devote to science. The flash of lightning in a thunderstorm caused him to wonder rather than to fear. In it he recognized a mightly force; his philosophic mind concluded that in some way the flash of lightning (electricity) could be controlled and brought into the service of mankind. It pays to think. Creative minds, as exemplified in Franklin, rather than manual labor, have produced the great achievements of all time.
Political philosopher. Benjamin Franklin was too busy to be idle. Absorbed with the affairs and welfare of the Colonies, he proposed in 1754 that the Colonies be formed into a Union. Franklin believed that had this proposition been accepted, a separation from the British Empire would never have taken place. Twenty years later a call for a general congress of the Colonies was issued by Virginia, at the instigation of Franklin, and held in Philadelphia in May, 1774.
Benjamin Franklin took an active part in framing the Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the signers.
Diplomat. Two years later he went to France, where, in fur cap and homespun clothing, he, the typical American commoner, created a wave of enthusiasm which won the French to the cause of the Colonies.
Member of Constitutional Convention. At the age of 81 years this old young-hearted philosopher took a most prominent part in the deliberations of the constitutional convention held in Philadelphia from May to September, 1787. His wisdom and counsel often prevailed in those long and stormy sessions. His love of country and faith in democracy gave him a vision of the future