ÿWPC­  Ö~N(¨ˆ0½ê§µ×NÆÔpõ‡æ ¢„ë® FÔ5½=œ˜Ü»Õ~ÀÏš×›T\³ûæØðd"uO¹_{þ·ê½ÀQÌÒ#µaK>÷J`Ù>Ï)WÏìÎz·[YJòÑ ~Ê,a)ƒ™»xJ”§E[¢|´vö¡ K²\Î #˜ýŽô²î—%ºËôØKå %óÖr•G÷lcëDu7—i Š› ÒzãÐÝ€ö"É’Ò[í6íºJjê×fÄ“% ž´äÏ"ÇÍß ‰ )û¯²E››òp·æÀTë7Ĩ]l½|º,1’ߘµ ˜ƒ\Êÿœ£0é!DB*äNá²ù(áÎum5Å ;î±’ä#s˜¶uäɈ@ñèß„œÒú’ž ºî .Ê›ºK§&*Õ¸ûö(ú·o/ (w.B6ŽFFñC?¨`㉄»’؉´!ØþŒ–yME’“ÝE ¢…ÌlÇ¢%½»ƒŒý³ï&>U<l}B4Uñ_ÃY7è`BÀµAîþ“JŸ ˆ!D}ªfN 1uŒ Bw4"6EEEEEEE mG#Á^UN %mNs tu¬é 0f• 1uû 72p 0u¢ 0‰ B>  DMÞ B>+ B1i B-š B-Ç 0Nô D-B B 72o ^ ¡ (üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô>Constitutionalist Platform7#137=CIQYag³³1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) d§ /rtyBar„|¥3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4P/4MP PostScriptÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\WP9US.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\wp9US.wpt(WßÕ$ÄÄò òòòà@ìì*ìàÔ  ÔÔ ò AÔó óóó3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(MK`$´´Ô2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(a$µµà0  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à:web3dhrz160 €€€d ÿÿÿdAweb3dbord1_0!dxdx:web3dtlo1_  ÀÀÀd ÿÿÿd-web3dbro1_ €€€d)web3dtli  €€€d)web3dbri ÿÿÿd(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ)!ÈÈÈÈdxdxi)[’F1 Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€ÌÓ  Ó€ÌÝ‚ßÕDÝò òòòÝ  ÝÝ‚ßÕMÝà@@ìì*ìàÔ  ÔÝ  Ý݃ßÕMnÝÔ ò “Ԍ̌ó óóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ ’™XXÔConstitutionalist€PlatformÔ#†X/X ’™é#ÔÐ è8 ЀÌÓ  Ó€ÌThe€following€principles€should€be€considered€planks€in€the€platform€of€any€candidate€who€callsÐ ú J Ðhimself€or€herself€a€"constitutionalist":€Ð æ 6 ÐÓ€ (#173Ó€ÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€rights€recognized€in€the€Bill€of€Rights€are€rights€that€precede€the€Constitution,€apply€to€allÐ ¾   Ðpersons€everywhere€and€all€times,€and€considered€as€restrictions€on€the€actions€of€governmentÐ ªú  Ðofficials€or€agents,€apply€to€all€officials€or€agents€at€all€levels€of€government,€federal,€state,€andÐ –æ  Ðlocal,€and€even€to€the€treatment€of€any€persons€anywhere€outside€the€territorial€jurisdiction€of€theÐ ‚Ò  ÐUnited€States,€except€when€otherwise€authorized€by€a€declaration€of€war€or€letters€of€marque€andÐ n¾  Ðreprisal.Ð Zª  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€right€to€keep€and€bear€arms,€like€other€rights€in€the€Bill€of€Rights,€is€an€individual€right,€atÐ 2‚ Ðall€levels€of€government,€and€covers€all€weapons€or€other€tools€or€supplies€that€might€be€used€forÐ n Ðdefense,€riot€control,€personal€protection,€law€enforcement,€or€emergency€response.€The€onlyÐ  Z Ðregulation€permitted€is€to€facilitate€and€discipline€militia€and€enhance€its€effectiveness.Ð öF ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðNoÔ_Ô€right,€including€the€right€to€keep€and€bear€arms,€may€be€disabled,€that€is,€restricted€partiallyÐ Î Ðor€entirely,€by€any€process€other€than€a€trial€in€which€the€subject€shall€have€the€right€of€a€jury,€andÐ º  Ðin€which€the€burden€of€proof€is€on€the€petitioner€that€either€the€disablement€is€a€punishmentÐ ¦ö Ðauthorized€by€statute€for€a€crime€proved€to€have€been€committed€by€the€subject,€or€that€if€theÐ ’â Ðright€of€the€defendant€is€not€disabled€it€would€be€exercised€in€a€way€that€would€threaten€the€rightsÐ ~Î Ðof€others€or€be€a€danger€to€the€defendant.€Any€statute€disabling€a€right€for€a€person€convicted€of€aÐ jº Ðcrime€is€a€prohibited€bill€of€attainder.€Any€such€disablement€must€be€explicitly€stated€in€theÐ V¦ Ðsentence€or€judgment€of€the€court.Ð B’ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðLegislativeÔ_Ô€restriction€of€any€right€constitutes€a€prohibited€bill€of€attainder,€and€perhaps€also€aÐ !j Ðprohibited€ex€post€facto€statute,€and€as€such€is€null€and€void€from€inception.€This€includesÐ "V Ðstatutes€restricting€purchase,€possession,€or€use€of€a€weapon,€or€the€exercise€of€any€other€right,€byÐ ò"B  Ðpersons€convicted€of€a€crime€if€the€restriction€is€not€made€part€of€the€sentence.€It€also€includesÐ Þ#.! Ðstatutes€requiring€carry€permits€for€a€weapon.€The€only€credential€permitted€in€regard€to€any€rightÐ Ê$ " Ðis€a€certificate€that€the€right€has€not€been€disabled,€but€the€carrying€of€such€a€certificate€may€notÐ ¶%!# Ðbe€required.Ð ¢&ò!$ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðInÔ_Ô€all€references€to€the€power€to€"regulate",€that€power€does€not€include€the€power€to€prohibitÐ z(Ê#& Ðall€modalities€of€a€thing,€and€it€does€not€include€the€power€to€impose€criminal€penaltiesÐ f)¶$' Ð(disablement€of€life,€limb,€or€liberty),€but€only€civil€(fines,€loss€of€privileges).Ð R*¢%( ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€"commerce"€among€the€states€and€with€foreign€nations€which€the€Congress€has€the€powerÐ *,z'* Ðto€regulate€(Art.€I€Sec.€8€Cl.€3)€consists€only€of€transfers€of€ownership€and€possession€of€tangibleÐ -f(+ Ðgoods,€for€a€valuable€consideration,€that€commence€in€one€state€and€terminate€in€another,€or€inÐ ° Ðone€state€and€terminate€in€a€foreign€nation,€or€in€a€foreign€nation€and€terminate€in€a€state.€It€doesÐ œì Ðnot€include€regulation€of€"traffic"€except€insofar€as€it€is€necessary€to€identify€commercial€trafficÐ ˆØ Ðcarrying€commodities€subject€to€regulation.€It€does€not€include€primary€production,€such€asÐ tÄ Ðmining,€agriculture,€herding,€fishing,€or€hunting.€It€does€not€include€manufacturing,€retail€sales,Ð `° Ðpossession,€use,€transport€or€disposal€of€one's€property€not€part€of€an€exchange.€It€does€notÐ L œ Ðinclude€other€activities€of€those€engaged€in€commerce€or€anything€not€itself€a€tangibleÐ 8 ˆ Ðcommodity€that€"affects"€commerce,€substantially€or€otherwise.Ð $ t ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€only€crimes€committed€on€state€territory€over€which€the€national€government€haveÐ ü L  Ðjurisdiction€are€(1)€counterfeiting,€(2)€piracy€and€felonies€on€the€high€seas,€(3)€offenses€againstÐ è 8  Ðthe€laws€of€nations€(Art.€I€Sec.€8),€(4)€violations€of€military€law€by€military€personnel€or€militiaÐ Ô$  Ðpersonnel€in€actual€service,€(5)€treason€(Art.€III€Sec.€2),€(6)€enslavement€(13th€Amendment),€(7)Ð À  Ðdeprivations€of€rights€by€a€government€agent€(14th€Amendment),€(8)€deprivation€of€the€right€toÐ ¬ü  Ðvote€on€the€basis€of€race€(15th€Amendment),€gender€(19th€Amendment),€non-payment€of€a€taxÐ ˜è  Ð(24th€Amendment),€or€age€18€or€older€(26th€Amendment).€All€other€statutes€imposing€criminalÐ „Ô  Ðpenalties€are€inapplicable€to€actions€committed€on€state€territory.Ð pÀ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú8Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€location€of€a€crime€governing€the€territorial€jurisdiction€for€its€prosecution€is€the€locationÐ H˜ Ðof€the€center€of€the€perpetrator's€brain€at€the€moment€the€criminal€act€is€performed,€not€where€theÐ 4„ Ðeffects€of€the€act€occur.€The€only€extraterritorial€criminal€jurisdiction€is€on€the€high€seas€andÐ  p Ðunclaimed€territory€such€as€Antarctica€or€outer€space.Ð  \ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú9Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€powers€"necessary€and€proper"€(Art.€I€Sec.€8€Cl.€18)€to€a€delegated€power€are€only€thoseÐ ä4 Ðpowers€essential€to€the€administration€of€the€delegated€power,€not€any€power€that€might€serve€theÐ Ð  Ðsame€purpose€as€such€a€delegated€power.€In€particular,€it€does€not€include€the€power€to€imposeÐ ¼  Ðcriminal€penalties€for€violation€of€a€regulation,€or€for€interference€with€regulated€or€promotedÐ ¨ø Ðactivities€or€spending.Ð ”ä ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú10Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€"general€welfare"€clause€(Art.€I€Sec.€8€Cl.€1)€is€not€the€delegation€of€a€power,€but€aÐ l¼ Ðrestriction€of€the€power€to€raise€taxes€(and€spend€the€funds€raised)€to€only€those€things€thatÐ X ¨ Ðbenefit€the€nation€generally,€and€not€just€some€region€or€group.€There€is€no€federal€power€toÐ D!” Ðmake€"internal€improvements"€unless€they€are€incidental€to€a€delegated€power,€such€as€defense.Ð 0"€  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú11Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðItÔ_Ô€is€unconstitutional€to€impose€a€tax€for€a€regulatory€or€confiscatory€purpose,€or€for€anyÐ $X" Ðpurpose€other€than€the€raising€of€revenue.€Ð ô$D # ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú12Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðThereÔ_Ô€is€no€concurrent€jurisdiction€of€the€national€government€and€the€state€governments€overÐ Ì&"% Ðany€offense,€and€for€purposes€of€the€double€jeopardy€protection€(5th€Amendment)€the€"sameÐ ¸'#& Ðoffense"€is€a€physical€act€of€the€accused,€and€multiple€prosecution€is€prohibited€for€the€same€orÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontinuing€physical€act€under€different€charges,€statutes,€or€sovereigns.€If€the€federal€governmentÐ )à$( Ðwants€to€assert€jurisdiction€for€a€violation€of€civil€rights€by€a€state€official,€it€must€first€void€anyÐ |*Ì%) Ðprosecution€by€the€state€for€the€same€physical€act.Ð h+¸&* ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú13Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€U.S.€Congress€has€general€legislative€jurisdiction€over€a€territory€only€if€(1)€it€has€beenÐ @-(, Ðpurchased€by€the€national€government€with€the€consent€of€the€legislature€of€the€state€of€which€itÐ ° Ðis€a€part;€(2)€it€has€been€purchased€and€is€being€used€only€for€a€public€purpose;€(3)€the€stateÐ œì Ðlegislature€has€explicitly€ceded€exclusive€legislative€jurisdiction€over€that€specific€parcel,Ð ˆØ Ðdescribed€by€metes€and€bounds,€in€a€act€according€to€that€state's€constitution;€and€(4)€the€nationalÐ tÄ Ðgovernment€has€clear€title€and€effective€possession€of€the€parcel.€Concurrent€jurisdiction€is€notÐ `° Ðpermitted,€except€that€residents€of€the€parcel€should€retain€their€citizenship€in€the€ceding€state€forÐ L œ Ðpurposes€of€voting€for€national€and€state€office.€Jurisdiction€reverts€to€the€state€if€any€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðconditions€of€its€cession€terminate.€Such€territories€include€the€District€of€Columbia,€U.S.€coastalÐ $ t Ðwaters,€U.S.-flag€vessels€at€sea,€and€the€grounds€of€U.S.€embassies€abroad.€It€does€not€includeÐ  ` Ðpossessions€such€as€Puerto€Rico,€the€Virgin€Islands,€or€Guam,€over€which€the€nationalÐ ü L  Ðgovernment€may€have€civil€but€not€criminal€jurisdiction.Ð è 8  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú14Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðCitizenshipÔ_Ô€of€any€political€subdivision€of€the€United€States€is€based€only€on€residenceÐ À  Ðaddress,€and€a€person€is€a€citizen€of€a€federal€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€only€if€he€orÐ ¬ü  Ðshe€is€a€voluntary€resident€of€that€territory.Ð ˜è  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú15Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAllÔ_Ô€persons€present€within€the€territorial€jurisdiction€of€the€United€States€have€the€duty€to€notÐ pÀ Ðonly€obey€constitutional€statutes€and€other€official€acts,€but€to€help€enforce€them,€and€to€train€andÐ \¬ Ðequip€themselves,€alone€and€in€combination€with€others,€to€do€so.€All€persons€in€their€capacity€asÐ H˜ Ðdefenders€of€the€community€are€the€militia,€any€person€aware€of€a€threat€has€the€authority€and€theÐ 4„ Ðduty€to€call€up€the€militia€to€meet€it,€and€any€person€receiving€a€credible€call€up€has€the€duty€toÐ  p Ðrespond€to€it.€It€is€a€duty€to€maintain€a€militia€system€at€a€state€of€organization,€training,€andÐ  \ Ðequipment,€involving€all€fit€adult€citizens€and€would-be€citizens,€sufficient€to€overcome€theÐ øH Ðmilitary.Ð ä4 ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú16Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðInÔ_Ô€any€situation€in€which€laws€are€in€conflict,€any€person€has€the€inalienable€duty€to€make€anÐ ¼  Ðindependent€determination€of€which€law€is€superior,€and€to€enforce€the€superior€law.€When€thatÐ ¨ø Ðsuperior€law€is€the€Constitution,€the€duty€is€called€constitutional€review,€and€judicial€reviewÐ ”ä Ðwhen€done€by€a€court.€It€may€not€be€relinquished€to€superiors,€judges,€or€legal€advisers.Ð €Ð ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú17Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðUnlessÔ_Ô€a€criminal€statute€explicitly€limits€who€may€enforce€it,€it€is€equally€enforceable€by€anyÐ X ¨ Ðperson,€and€enforcement€authority€is€derived€from€the€law€and€from€a€warrant€or€commission,€notÐ D!” Ðfrom€a€title€or€employment€status.€Government€agents€have€no€criminal€law€enforcementÐ 0"€  Ðauthority€that€civilians€don't€also€have.€However,€law€enforcement€officials,€such€as€sheriffs€andÐ #l! ÐU.S.€marshals,€may€have€command€rank€in€situations€where€they€are€present.€The€title€of€"federalÐ $X" Ðagent"€carries€no€command€rank.Ð ô$D # ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú18Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAnyÔ_Ô€protection€of€government€agents€or€other€persons€from€criminal€or€civil€liability€for€theirÐ Ì&"% Ðactions,€or€special€penalties€for€offenses€against€them,€not€enjoyed€by€others,€constitutes€theÐ ¸'#& Ðgranting€to€them€of€a€title€of€nobility,€which€is€prohibited.Ð ¤(ô#' ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú19Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðBasedÔ_Ô€on€available€evidence,€and€until€it€can€be€proved€otherwise,€the€Income€TaxÐ |*Ì%) ÐAmendment€shall€be€considered€not€to€have€been€ratified.€Even€if€it€was,€the€"income"€which€isÐ h+¸&* Ðtaxable€under€it€is€only€"unearned"€income€such€as€interest,€dividends,€and€rents,€and€not€wagesÐ T,¤'+ Ðfor€labor.Ð @-(, ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú20Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðFiatÔ_Ô€currency€must€not€be€made€legal€tender€within€a€state,€and€the€constitutional€requirementÐ œì Ðthat€only€gold€or€silver€be€legal€tender€on€state€territory€must€be€enforced.€Federal€reserve€notesÐ ˆØ Ðare€not€legal€tender€for€the€payment€of€debts€within,€to,€or€from€a€state.Ð tÄ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú21Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAÔ_Ô€constitution€is€not€a€contract€but€the€Supreme€Law,€which€provides€for€all€contracts€intoÐ L œ Ðwhich€any€department€of€government€may€engage.€There€are€no€"implied€contracts"€in€which€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðgovernment€is€a€party.Ð $ t ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú22Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðCommonÔ_Ô€law€crimes€are€òòex€post€factoóó€and€as€such€prohibited€by€the€Constitution.€InÐ ü L  Ðparticular,€the€national€government€has€no€authority€to€punish€for€perjury,€fraud,€or€contempt€ofÐ è 8  Ðcourt€any€act€not€committed€on€federal€territory.Ð Ô$  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú23Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðRequireÔ_Ô€that€all€issues€of€law€be€argued€in€the€presence€of€the€jury,€who€shall€be€providedÐ ¬ü  Ðwith€copies€of€all€pleadings€and€access€to€an€adequate€law€library.€Instruct€the€jury€has€it€theÐ ˜è  Ðpower€to€review€legal€decisions€of€the€court,€as€well€as€decide€the€facts,€for€a€general€verdict€in€aÐ „Ô  Ðcase.Ð pÀ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú24Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðInÔ_Ô€a€jury€trial€any€opinion€on€the€law€rendered€by€a€judge€shall€be€considered€testimony,Ð H˜ Ðsubject€to€cross-examination€and€rebuttal.Ð 4„ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú25Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€right€of€an€accused€to€counsel€is€a€right€to€counsel€of€his€choice,€including€persons€notÐ  \ Ðotherwise€admitted€to€practice€law.Ð øH ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú26Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðProsecutionÔ_Ô€of€persons€accused€of€a€crime€may€not€be€limited€to€public€prosecutors.€TheÐ Ð  Ðdetermination€of€who€may€criminally€prosecute€is€the€exclusive€duty€of€a€grand€jury.Ð ¼  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú27Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðCourtsÔ_Ô€and€prosecutors€are€not€permitted€to€obstruct€access€of€any€person€to€a€grand€jury€toÐ ”ä Ðpresent€evidence€or€a€petition,€but€only€to€regulate€the€timing€and€manner€of€it€to€make€suchÐ €Ð Ðaccess€orderly€and€expeditious.Ð l¼ ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú28Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðOnlyÔ_Ô€a€natural€person€or€aggregate€of€natural€persons€may€be€a€party€to€a€legal€proceeding.€InÐ D!” Ðparticular,€òòin€remóó€"civil€forfeiture"€is€prohibited€unless€there€is€no€apparent€owner€or€claimant,€inÐ 0"€  Ðwhich€case€the€defendant€is€"persons€unknown".€Property€shall€be€taken€only€to€the€extentÐ #l! Ðnecessary€to€pay€a€specific€fine€or€judgment€imposed€by€the€ruling€of€a€court.€It€may€not€includeÐ $X" Ðany€assets€not€exclusively€owned€by,€or,€if€the€ownership€cannot€be€determined,€in€the€exclusiveÐ ô$D # Ðpossession€of€the€accused,€and€any€surplus€from€a€public€sale€of€the€asset€over€that€needed€to€payÐ à%0!$ Ðsuch€fine€or€judgment€shall€be€returned€to€the€apparent€owner€or€possessor.Ð Ì&"% ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú29Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€President€or€other€public€official€may€not€direct€any€offensive€action€by€the€military€orÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmilitia€without€congressional€authorization€in€the€form€of€a€declaration€or€war€or€letters€ofÐ )à$( Ðmarque€or€reprisal,€and€any€such€unauthorized€direction€shall€constitute€a€criminal€violationÐ |*Ì%) Ðunder€the€law€of€nations€clause€(Art.€I€Sec.€8€Cl.€10)€and€an€Ô_ÔimpeachableÔ_Ô€offense.Ð h+¸&* ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú30Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€offenses€covered€under€the€authority€to€punish€offenses€against€the€law€of€nations€(Art.€1Ð @-(, ÐSec.€8€Cl.€10)€include€only€the€following:€Ð ° Ðà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAttacksÔ_Ô€on€foreign€nations,€their€citizens,€or€shipping,€without€either€a€declaration€ofÐ œì Ðwar€or€letters€of€marque€and€reprisal.Ð ˆØ ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚbÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðDishonoringÔ_Ô€of€the€flag€of€truce,€peace€treaties,€and€boundary€treaties.Ð `° ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚcÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðDepredationÔ_Ô€of€wrecked€ships,€their€passengers€and€crew,€and€their€cargo,€by€those€whoÐ 8 ˆ Ðmight€find€them.Ð $ t ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚdÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðPiracyÔ_Ô€on€the€high€seas,€even€if€those€making€the€capture€or€their€nations€had€not€beenÐ ü L  Ðvictims.Ð è 8  ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚeÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðMistreatmentÔ_Ô€of€prisoners€of€war.Ð À  ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚfÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAttacksÔ_Ô€on€foreign€embassies,€ambassadors,€and€diplomats,€and€on€foreign€ships€andÐ ˜è  Ðtheir€passengers,€crew,€and€cargo€while€in€domestic€waters€or€in€port.Ð „Ô  ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚgÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðDishonoringÔ_Ô€of€extradition€treaties€for€criminals€who€committed€crimes€in€a€nationÐ \¬ Ðwith€whom€one€has€such€a€treaty€who€escape€to€one's€territory€or€are€found€on€the€high€seas.Ð H˜ ЀÌà  àÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  ÚhÚ  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðEnslavementÔ_Ô€of€foreign€nationals€and€international€trading€in€slaves.€Ð  p ЀÌIt€does€not€include€any€other€treaties€or€violations€thereof,€and€no€treaty€provisions€are€permittedÐ øH Ðor€enforceable€which€would€require€the€exercise€of€powers€not€delegated€by€the€Constitution.€Ð ä4 ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú31Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðLimitsÔ_Ô€or€disclosures€on€campaign€contributions€not€convertible€to€the€personal€use€of€theÐ ¼  Ðcandidate,€even€when€accepted€in€exchange€for€public€funding,€are€prohibited€by€the€1stÐ ¨ø ÐAmendment,€and€any€such€public€funding€must€be€of€general€benefit€to€the€nation€and€not€to€anyÐ ”ä Ðregion€or€group.Ð €Ð ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú32Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðReligiousÔ_Ô€observances€may€not€be€supported€by€government€agents€or€public€funds,€butÐ X ¨ Ðneither€may€they€be€reasonably€restricted€on€public€premises€when€initiated€and€funded€byÐ D!” Ðprivate€persons,€provided€that€this€is€not€done€in€a€way€that€is€disruptive€or€offensive.Ð 0"€  ЀÌÔ2 #1 ÔÚ  Ú33Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðTheÔ_Ô€monitoring€of€communications€by€government€agents,€which€the€participants€have€theÐ $X" Ðreasonable€expectation€of€being€private,€is€prohibited€without€a€specific€search€warrant€andÐ ô$D # Ðnotification€of€the€parties€involved€if€such€notification€is€feasible.Ð à%0!$ ЀÌÔ2 #1! ÔÚ  Ú34Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðAnyÔ_Ô€search€warrant€must€be€served€on€the€owner€or€possessor€of€the€premises,€and€suchÐ ¸'#& Ðperson€must€have€the€reasonable€opportunity€to€verify€the€validity€of€the€warrant,€unless€suchÐ ¤(ô#' Ðperson€cannot€be€found€within€a€reasonable€time.€It€is€not€permitted€to€wait€until€such€person€isÐ )à$( Ðabsent€to€search€his€premises,€or€fail€to€notify€the€person€as€soon€as€possible€if€such€a€search€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðseizure€is€conducted.Ð h+¸&* ЀÌÔ2 #1" ÔÚ  Ú35Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðÔ_Ô"No€knock"€search€or€arrest€warrants€are€not€permitted€unless€there€is€imminent€threat€ofÐ @-(, Ðdeath€or€injury€to€an€innocent€person,€and€it€is€not€permissible€to€prosecute€any€person€forÐ ° Ðresisting€an€improper€execution€of€a€warrant€with€deadly€force€or€for€any€death€or€injuries€thatÐ œì Ðmight€result€therefrom.Ð ˆØ ЀÌÔ2 #1# ÔÚ  Ú36Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðLegislativeÔ_Ô€and€judicial€powers€may€not€be€Ô_ÔsubdelegatedÔ_Ô,€and€executive€powers€may€not€beÐ `° Ðdelegated€to€the€agents€of€a€different€sovereign.€No€official€may€make€a€decision€adverselyÐ L œ Ðaffecting€a€privilege€or€immunity€of€a€person€in€his€jurisdiction€based€on€an€act€or€decision€by€anÐ 8 ˆ Ðagent€of€a€different€sovereign.Ð $ t ЀÌÔ2 #1$ ÔÚ  Ú37Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðGovernmentÔ_Ô€agencies€or€departments€may€not€legislate€for€civilians€by€issuing€"regulations"Ð ü L  Ðgoverning€them,€and€it€should€never€be€necessary€for€a€reasonable€person€to€have€to€read€aÐ è 8  Ð"regulation"€or€other€directive€to€discover€how€to€interpret€a€statute€or€decide€whether€or€how€itÐ Ô$  Ðmight€apply€to€him.€Regulations€and€executive€orders€apply€only€to€subordinates€of€the€issuingÐ À  Ðexecutive,€including€officials,€agents,€and€contractors,€or€to€persons€visiting€proprietary€facilities,Ð ¬ü  Ðor€using€proprietary€assets,€of€the€government.Ð ˜è  ЀÌÔ2 #1% ÔÚ  Ú38Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðNoÔ_Ô€person€shall€be€obstructed€from€petitioning€for€redress€against€any€government€agency€orÐ pÀ Ðexecutive€official,€or€staff€members€of€the€legislative€or€judicial€branches,€for€relief€underÐ \¬ Ðcontract,€tort,€injunction,€or€declaration,€although€it€may€require€that€monetary€judgments€requireÐ H˜ Ða€special€appropriation€by€the€legislative€branch.€The€financial€responsibility€of€officials€must€beÐ 4„ Ðsecured€by€adequate€bond,€and€if€public€policy€seeks€to€make€officials€personally€immune,€theÐ  p Ðgovernment€must€assume€financial€liability€for€claims€against€them.€Ð  \ ЀÌÔ2 #1& ÔÚ  Ú39Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðReplaceÔ_Ô€creation€of€judges€by€elections€or€appointments€by€political€officials€with€sortition,Ð ä4 Ðor€random€selection,€and€replace€single€judges€with€multi-judge€panels€to€the€extent€feasible,Ð Ð  Ðfrom€a€pool€selected€by€objective€examinations,€to€serve€for€limited€terms,€and€to€be€assigned€toÐ ¼  Ðcases€randomly.Ð ¨ø ЀÌÔ2 #1' ÔÚ  Ú40Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðRequireÔ_Ô€that€upon€demand€by€any€person,€and€before€continuing€with€an€enforcement€action,Ð €Ð Ðany€official€prove€his€authority€for€the€action,€by€an€unbroken€logical€chain€leading€back€to€theÐ l¼ Ðapplicable€constitution.€Reverse€the€presumption€of€authority.Ð X ¨ ЀÌÔ2 #1( ÔÚ  Ú41Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðEliminateÔ_Ô€licensing€of€occupations,€especially€the€practice€of€law.€Establish€that€the€practiceÐ 0"€  Ðof€any€occupation€may€be€disabled€only€by€order€of€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction,€on€petitionÐ #l! Ðtherefor€and€proof€by€a€preponderance€of€evidence€and€verdict€by€nine€of€a€jury€of€twelve,€that€ifÐ $X" Ðnot€disabled€the€right€would€likely€be€abused,€or€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendantÐ ô$D # Ðcommitted€an€offense€for€which€a€statute€specifies€disablement€of€the€right€as€a€punishment,€by€aÐ à%0!$ Ðunanimous€verdict€of€a€jury€of€twelve.Ð Ì&"% ЀÌÔ2 #1) ÔÚ  Ú42Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðSecretÔ_Ô€budgets€and€expenditures€are€prohibited€by€Art.€I€Sec.€9€Cl.€7,€and€are€not€to€neÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpermitted€on€grounds€of€"national€security".€This€includes€any€funds€administered€by€publicÐ )à$( Ðofficials€or€government€agents€even€if€derived€from€other€sources€than€taxes€or€fees.€ForbidÐ |*Ì%) Ðproprietary€ownership€or€control€of€private€organizations€by€government€agents€or€agenciesÐ h+¸&* Ðexcept€temporarily€for€law€enforcement€investigations.Ð T,¤'+ ЀÐ @-(, ÐÔ2 #1* ÔÚ  Ú43Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðReformÔ_Ô€the€Civil€Service€and€congressional€staff€systems€to€make€it€easier€to€reassignÐ ° Ðpersonnel€and€prevent€them€from€becoming€too€entrenched€in€any€department€or€location.Ð œì ÐReassign€personnel€at€regular€intervals€and€randomly€cull€them.€Limit€terms€of€service.€EliminateÐ ˆØ Ðthe€seniority€system.€Set€up€chains€of€supervision€and€inspection€to€prevent€collusion€or€evasionÐ tÄ Ðof€oversight.Ð `° ЀÌÔ2 #1+ ÔÚ  Ú44Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðHaveÔ_Ô€the€states€cede€territorial€jurisdiction€to€Congress,€in€accordance€with€Art.€I€Sec.€8€Cl.Ð 8 ˆ Ð17,€of€airspace€300€meters€or€more€above€buildings€or€terrain€features,€so€that€federal€air€trafficÐ $ t Ðcontrol€there€can€be€constitutional.Ð  ` ЀÌÔ2 #1, ÔÚ  Ú45Ú  Ú.Ô3  ÔÔ_Ôð  ðRequireÔ_Ô€the€boundaries€between€federal,€state,€and€local€jurisdictions€be€clearly€marked€soÐ è 8  Ðthat€anyone€passing€from€one€to€the€other€will€have€proper€notice€thereof.